AARN: Latin America & South America (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Aspectos de la diplomacia, el narcotráfico, la agitación laboral y los derechos humanos durante el gobierno de César Gaviria en Colombia (1990-1994) (Diplomacy, Drug Trafficking, Labor Unrest, and Human Rights During César Gaviria’s Government in Colombia (1990-1994))","authors":"Eduardo Sáenz Rovner","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3229384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3229384","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: El presidente Cesar Gaviria aprovecho la lucha antinarcoticos para obtener ventajas comerciales y ayuda financiera de los Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, funcionarios del gobierno norteamericano tuvieron reservas sobre el compromiso del gobierno de Gaviria contra el narcotrafico, asi como por las graves violaciones de los derechos humanos. Ironicamente la nueva Constitucion de 1991 (que reemplazo la Constitucion conservadora de 1886) vino acompanada de altisimos niveles de represion oficial que no escapo a los organismos de derechos humanos. La guerra a las drogas fue tambien utilizada por el gobierno colombiano como pantalla para la guerra contra la subversion armada y la oposicion civil. \u0000English Abstract: President Cesar Gaviria took advantage of the War on Drugs to gain trade concessions and financial aid from the United States. However, U.S. government officials had reservations about Gaviria’s commitment against drug traffickers; they were also worried about serious human rights violations. Ironically the new Constitution of 1991 (that replaced the old Conservative Constitution of 1886) came along with high levels of state repression and which was denounced by Human Rights organizations. The war against drugs was also a smoke screen to hide the repression of armed subversion and civilian opposition.","PeriodicalId":314805,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Latin America & South America (Topic)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130451688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Percepción De Seguridad Del Turismo Extranjero Que Arriba En Casas Rodantes a Playas De Mazatlán (Sinaloa) (Security Perception of Foreigners Who Travel in House Trailers at Mazatlan Beaches (Sinaloa))","authors":"Silvestre Flores Gamboa, Juan Pablo Mariño Jiménez, Martín León Santiesteban, Andrea del Pilar Liz","doi":"10.18601/01207555.N19.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18601/01207555.N19.06","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: El presente articulo recoge la percepcion de seguridad que tienen los visitantes que viajan en casas rodantes y se hospedan en establecimientos conocidos como trailer parks en las playas del puerto de Mazatlan, principal destino turistico en el estado de Sinaloa (Mexico). Ademas, se recopila informacion sociodemografica y economica de los respondientes por medio de la aplicacion de un cuestionario como instrumento de recoleccion de datos. Asi mismo, se realizan correlaciones para demostrar la asociacion entre quienes cambian sus planes de viajes en respuesta a las advertencias realizadas por el gobierno del pais de origen, sean estos de EE. UU. y/o de Canada. Entre los resultados es posible identificar la estadia y el gasto promedio diario y mensual, tambien elementos que inciden en su decision de viaje. Finalmente, se analiza el papel que juega la seguridad en algunos sitios de atraccion turistica dentro del destino, asi como en los servicios de transporte, sus playas e impresiones acerca de las alertas de viaje que emiten autoridades de Gobierno estadounidenses y canadienses. \u0000English Abstract: This article describes the security perception of visitors traveling in rvs who stay in establishments known as trailer parks in the port of Mazatlan, main tourist destination of the state of Sinaloa (Mexico). In addition, sociodemographic and economic information of respondents is collected through a questionnaire as an instrument of data collection. The association between those who change their travel plans in response to the warnings given by the government of the country of origin, whether US and / or Canada was also studied. Among the results it is possible to identify stay and daily and monthly average spending also elements that influence their travel decisions. Finally, the role of security in places of tourist attraction in the destination, as well as transport services, beaches and impressions about that issue travel alerts us authorities and Canadian government is analyzed.","PeriodicalId":314805,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Latin America & South America (Topic)","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124115987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tendencias Y Factores Socioeconómicos Y Espaciales Asociados a La Adjudicación De Baldíos En Colombia, 1961-2010 (Trends and Socioeconomic and Spatial Factors Linked to Public Land Allocations in Colombia, 1961-2010)","authors":"Fabio Sánchez, Marta Juanita Villaveces Niño","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2932870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2932870","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: Este documento aborda la relacion entre variables socioeconomicas tales como cambio demografico, frontera agropecuaria, acceso a mercados y tendencias historicas de acceso a la tierra como factores puramente sociales y politicos tales como la presencia de colonato en 1960 y de conflictos agrarios antes de 1950 con la de adjudicacion de baldios en Colombia, desde la expedicion de la Ley 135 de 1961 hasta 2010. Para esto, se describe la legislacion de adjudicacion de baldios y sus tendencias tanto historicas como regionales y se analiza empiricamente el efecto tanto de las variables socioeconomicas como de las puramente sociales y politicas mencionadas sobre sobre la adjudicacion de baldios en numero y en area. Se concluye que la adjudicacion de baldios ha respondido a ambos grupos de variables. \u0000English Abstract: This paper addresses the relationship between socioeconomic variables such population growth, agrarian frontier, market access and historical trends in access to land and also pure sociopolitical factors such as the presence of squatters in 1960 and agrarian conflicts before 1950 with public allocation of lands in Colombia, since the enactment of the 135 of 1961 to 2010. We describe the legislation related to land grands and the historical and regional trends of the process of land allocation. We also analyze empirically the effects of both the socioeconomic variables and those purely social and political on the grants of public lands in number of plots and area. We conclude that the process of public land allocation responded to both types of variables.","PeriodicalId":314805,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Latin America & South America (Topic)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122976149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evolution of the Location of Economic Activity in Chile in the Long Run: A Paradox of Extreme Concentration in Absence of Agglomeration Economies","authors":"Marc Badia-Miró","doi":"10.4067/S0718-52862015000200007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-52862015000200007","url":null,"abstract":"Chile is characterized as being a country with an extreme concentration of the economic activity around Santiago. In spite of this, and in contrast to what is found in many industrialized countries, income levels per inhabitant in the capital are below the country average and far from the levels in the wealthiest regions. This was a result of the weakness of agglomeration economies. At the same time, the mining cycles have had an enormous impact in the evolution of the location of economic activity, driving a high dispersion at the end of the 19th century with the nitrates (very concentrated in the space) and the later convergence with the cooper cycle (highly dispersed). In that context, this article describes the evolution of the location of economic activity in the long run, showing the tensions among Heckscher-Ohlin and New Economic Geography forces. I also offer a deeper analysis of the main drivers of this spatial distribution, focusing in the economic structure of the regions, the productivity levels of each specific economic sector and the evolution of market potential.","PeriodicalId":314805,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Latin America & South America (Topic)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124803552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attitudes Towards Partner Violence and Gender Roles in Uruguayan Women","authors":"Marisa Bucheli, Máximo Rossi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2535957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2535957","url":null,"abstract":"According to World Health Organization (2013), 30% of even-partnered women have experienced either physical or/and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) in the course of their lives. The incidence of IPV in Latin America and Caribbean region is higher relative to other high income and middle-income countries. This problem is particularly relevant in Uruguay. The empirical literature provides evidence that violence towards partners is more likely among individuals that justify, approve or favor this type of violence. This paper explores the extent to which tolerant attitudes to violence against women are correlated with tolerance to violence against men, and the relation of these attitudes with three factors: a) having experienced violence when a child, b) attitudes to motherhood roles and, c) attitudes to gender roles in society.","PeriodicalId":314805,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Latin America & South America (Topic)","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132405019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the Impact of Severe Hyperinflation Experience on Current Household Investment Behavior","authors":"J. Fajardo, Manuela Dantas","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2281441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2281441","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we study to what extent extreme macroeconomic instability has a long-lasting effect in household investing behavior. Using data from the Brazilian National Household Survey (PNAD) and an additional survey based on the one used by Hong et al. (2004), we find evidence that individuals who were in their early adulthood during Brazil’s hyperinflation period are less willing to have financial saving than those who experienced this macroeconomic shock in other periods of their lives. Also, individuals that have memories of the hyperinflation event are 32% less likely to participate in the stock market.","PeriodicalId":314805,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Latin America & South America (Topic)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125493296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Public Sector Debt in the Caribbean: An Agenda for Reduction and Sustainability","authors":"Caribbean Growth Forum Cgf","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2309047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2309047","url":null,"abstract":"Since the late 1990s, with comparatively low and stable inflation, relative political stability and the deepening of local and regional financial markets, Caribbean governments have largely had easy access to financial resources. Increased access to international capital markets and deepening domestic financial markets encouraged international and domestic borrowing and led to a virtual doubling of average national public debt in the Region since the mid-1990s. This steady debt accumulation has placed Caribbean countries among the most highly indebted middle-income countries in the world. At the end of 2010,1/6th of the 10 most highly indebted countries were from the Caribbean, while four countries – St. Kitts and Nevis, Jamaica, Barbados and Grenada – ranked among the top five. All six countries had public debt levels in excess of 80 percent (%) of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).Among non-Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU) countries, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago, both predominantly mineral exporters, were the only Caribbean countries that have maintained relatively moderate levels of public debt at or below 40% of GDP for most of the decade. Guyana and Haiti have maintained modest debt levels only since benefiting from substantial debt relief under the Highly Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) and Multilateral Debt Relief Initiatives (MDRI) in 2008-09. Jamaica has had chronically high levels of public debt for more than three decades, while Barbados has witnessed a rapid build-up in its debt since the late 1990s. These trends raise important questions for the Caribbean region. How detrimental is the debt problem in the Caribbean? What has been the nature and extent of the debt experience? What are the drivers of debt accumulation in the Region? What are the characteristics of the Caribbean that explain its propensity to indebtedness? What are the prospects for debt levels in the Region? These questions are answered in this report.","PeriodicalId":314805,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Latin America & South America (Topic)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125689650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Las Políticas Económicas Y Su Efecto En La Participación De La Mujer En El Mercado Laboral (Economic Policies and Their Effect on the Participation of Women in Labor Market)","authors":"J. Gutiérrez, Angélica Morán Castañeda","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2597886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2597886","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: Durante las ultimas decadas, la participacion de la mujer dentro del mercado laboral en America Latina ha pasado por numerosos procesos de transformacion como consecuencia de los cambios que el gobierno ha realizado dentro del manejo de sus politicas macroeconomicas, principalmente las fiscales y comerciales. En el presente trabajo se pretende analizar los efectos que tiene la politica fiscal y comercial en el grado de insercion de las mujeres en el mercado laboral. En la primera parte se realiza una revision conceptual e historica del concepto de genero en la economia, para luego exponer los principales trabajos teoricos sobre la incorporacion del genero en la teoria del desarrollo. En la segunda parte, se hace un recuento de las politicas fiscales y comerciales que han afectado en alguna medida a las mujeres en Colombia y America Latina, desde los presupuestos sensibles al genero implementados en otros paises hasta la apertura comercial y las actividades laborales a las que se insertan las mujeres despues de la liberalizacion comercial. Posteriormente, se hace un diagnostico de la situacion de las mujeres en el mercado laboral en Colombia y se mencionan algunas de sus caracteristicas en los ultimos anos con base en algunos articulos desarrollados por economistas colombianos y por instituciones como la Contraloria General de la Republica. \u0000Finalmente se hace enfasis en el caso colombiano con el fin de realizar para este, un estudio empirico donde se plantea un modelo de regresion lineal multiple para evaluar como las politicas comercial y fiscal afectan la participacion de las mujeres en el mercado laboral colombiano para el periodo comprendido entre 1993 a 2009. Donde la variable endogena es la Tasa de Ocupacion de las mujeres (TO), y las variables explicativas son el grado de insercion internacional de Colombia medido con una variable proxy como el crecimiento del porcentaje de exportaciones mas importaciones sobre el PIB (IE), el gasto publico social (GS), la educacion de las mujeres medida como la tasa de alfabetizacion (Edu) y la tasa global de fecundidad (TF). Se evaluan sobre el modelo los supuestos que debe cumplir un modelo clasico de regresion multiple y se aplican las respectivas correcciones a la violacion de los supuestos que se hallen. Por ultimo se presentan las conclusiones del documento, incluido los analisis de resultados del modelo econometrico. \u0000English Abstract: During the last decades, the participation of women on the labor market in Latin America has gone through several transformation processes as a consequence of the changes that the government has done in their macroeconomic policies, specially, fiscal and trade policies. In this essay we try to analyze fiscal and trade policy effects on the incorporation of women into the labor market. In the first part we make a historical and conceptual revision of gender concept in the economics, in order to expose the principal theoretical works about the inclusi","PeriodicalId":314805,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Latin America & South America (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129317722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concentración, Oligopolio y Grandes Utilidades en la Banca Colombiana (2000-2009) Concentration, Oligopoly and Large Profits in Colombian Banks (2000-2009)","authors":"Jairo Villabona","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2591098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2591098","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish Abstract: Hacia finales de la primera decada del siglo XXI se presentaron las mayores crisis bancarias del mundo desarrollado. Sin embargo, esta situacion no afecto a la banca colombiana, al contrario, en la decada mencionada esta ultima reflejo unos excelentes resultados. La presente investigacion con base en conceptos financieros, economicos y en un analisis cuantitativo, demuestra que es una realidad que la banca colombiana esta altamente concentrada en una verdadera situacion de oligopolio que permite a estas entidades una clara posicion dominante frente al resto de la economia. Los bancos colombianos tienen exagerados margenes de utilidad en detrimento de la productividad de los demas sectores, a pesar de la necesidad de financiacion de estos. Peor aun, en el caso de las microempresas y de los estratos bajos, los pocos que tienen acceso al credito obtienen las tasas mas elevadas, dejandolos en una verdadera situacion de competencia desventajosa, sumado a una baja tecnologia, en muchos casos esto las lleva a la quiebra. Las tasas de interes tienen una importancia indudable en el desarrollo de la economia como instrumento generador de crecimiento, ya que en un escenario donde las tasas de interes sean bajas, existe un incentivo para que las empresas y los hogares decidan adelantar sus planes de inversion y produccion, al tiempo que aumentan su disposicion a consumir, lo cual no ocurre en Colombia. Se concluye el documento al senalar que las altas tasas de interes bancarias se convierten en un obstaculo para el desarrollo industrial no permitiendo el apalancamiento necesario para realizar inversionesEnglish Abstract: Towards the end of XXI century, there were major banking crises in the developed world, but this situation did not affect Colombian banks, in contrast, in the decade mentioned reflected excellent results. This research based on the concepts developed and quantitative analysis shows that it is a reality that the Colombian banking is highly concentrated in a real situation of oligopoly that places these entities in a clear dominance over the rest of the economy. This allows, among other things, high profit margins at the expense of productivity of other sectors, despite the need for funding of these. Worse still, in the case of SMEs and the lower strata the few who have access to credit obtained the highest rates, which places them at a real disadvantage, considering that they don’t’ have the technology to compete against “Bigs Companies” those who get the lowest interest rates, in many cases this leads them to bankruptcy. Interest rates are undoubtedly important in the development of the economy as growth generator tool, since in a scenario where interest rates are low, there is an incentive for firms and households decide to further their investment plans and production, while increasing their willingness to consume, which does not occur in Colombia. The high bank interest rates become an obstacle to industrial development ","PeriodicalId":314805,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Latin America & South America (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122267759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Balance and Projections of the Experience in Infrastructure of Pension Funds in Latin America","authors":"J. L. Escrivá, Eduardo Fuentes, A. Garcia-Herrero","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.3160488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.3160488","url":null,"abstract":"As defined by the Royal Academy of Spanish Language, infrastructure is any set of items or services deemed necessary for the creation and operation of any organization. From our point of view, we consider economic infrastructure to be those that are intended to contribute to the production and transportation of goods and services (e.g. roads, ports, airports, railways, water pipes, gas, electricity, etc.). On the other hand, we consider social infrastructure that which is indirectly part of the production process, and that stands out for its social value (e.g., hospitals, colleges and universities, prisons, etc.). Historically, a large proportion of the financing and management of infrastructures in the world has relied on direct state involvement as part of their duties. However, influenced by two important trends, the reality of our times has led to an evolution of that perspective: First, there is a greater emphasis on achieving higher levels of efficiency, transparency and accountability of State managed resources. This has increasingly highlighted the importance of market incentives and legal certainty for investors. That is without prejudicing its regulatory role and while continuing to act in the best interest of the state. Second, budgetary constraints imposed by the structural growth of key components of public expenditure, and the difficulty of continuing to raise the tax burden in countries with higher taxes in order to maintain a fiscal balance, also taking into account the fact that countries and financial markets have a greater sensitivity to increasing public deficits.","PeriodicalId":314805,"journal":{"name":"AARN: Latin America & South America (Topic)","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134507326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}