Strategic InstinctsPub Date : 2020-09-08DOI: 10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691137452.003.0009
Dominic D. P. Johnson
{"title":"No Mercy","authors":"Dominic D. P. Johnson","doi":"10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691137452.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691137452.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues that the United States was able to persist and prevail in the long and brutal Pacific campaign against the Japanese in World War II because of the in-group/out-group bias. It recounts how the group prejudice helped boost support for the war effort among citizens at home, the cohesion of soldiers, sailors, and airmen in the field, and the commitment and determination of leaders. It also describes the Pacific campaign of World War II that had a strong overtone of clashing Western and Eastern cultures, with vastly different worldviews and conceptions of themselves and each other. The chapter analyses the complex roots and widespread expressions of prejudice and racism on both sides. It refers to John Dower, who emphasized that group biases are ever present, but are directed at whoever becomes the most salient rival of the day.","PeriodicalId":314714,"journal":{"name":"Strategic Instincts","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126958244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Strategic InstinctsPub Date : 2020-09-08DOI: 10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691137452.003.0003
Dominic D. P. Johnson
{"title":"The Evolution of an Idea","authors":"Dominic D. P. Johnson","doi":"10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691137452.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691137452.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers how and why international relations might benefit from an evolutionary approach. It explains the evolutionary biology's long history of misunderstanding and resistance in the social sciences since the “sociobiology” debate of the 1970s. It also reviews how the natural and social sciences have both moved on since the 1970s, including the promise for a future of mutual collaboration on strategic instincts. The chapter focuses on evolutionary biology to understand the origins and functions of cognitive biases and comprehend the selective pressures that shaped the brain in the first place. It addresses the question of whether psychological phenomena originate from nature or nurture.","PeriodicalId":314714,"journal":{"name":"Strategic Instincts","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131498932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Strategic InstinctsPub Date : 2020-09-08DOI: 10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691137452.003.0007
Dominic D. P. Johnson
{"title":"Know Your Enemy","authors":"Dominic D. P. Johnson","doi":"10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691137452.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691137452.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter delves into the British perceptions of Adolf Hitler's intentions in the 1930s. It offers a reverse case, in which those in power maintained beliefs opposite to those predicted by the fundamental attribution error (FAE). It also mentions Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, who strongly resisted attributing dispositional causes to Hitler's behavior and instead emphasized situational causes, noting the German desire to redress the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles, attain territorial security, and unite the German-speaking people. The chapter recounts how Chamberlain continued to give Hitler the benefit of the doubt in the face of mounting contradictory evidence, which lead to the disastrous policy of appeasement and the Munich Crisis of 1938. It talks about other actors whose beliefs aligned with the FAE that insisted that Hitler was acting out of offensive intentions to expand German power and vigorously opposed appeasement.","PeriodicalId":314714,"journal":{"name":"Strategic Instincts","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134329226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Strategic InstinctsPub Date : 2020-09-08DOI: 10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691137452.003.0004
Dominic D. P. Johnson
{"title":"Fortune Favors the Bold","authors":"Dominic D. P. Johnson","doi":"10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691137452.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691137452.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the strategic role of overconfidence. It describes mentally healthy people that exhibit an overestimation of their capabilities, an illusion of control over events, and a perceived invulnerability to risk. It also describes overconfidence that has long been noted as a cause of disasters and wars, citing Geoffrey Blainey, Barbara Tuchman, and Stephen Van Evera who all blamed false optimism as one of the key causes of World War I. The chapter reviews the considerable discussion of the role of overconfidence in the contemporary world, such as the U.S. planning for the 2003 Iraq War and the 2008 financial crisis. It elaborates how overconfidence can offer adaptive advantages by increasing ambition, resolve, and perseverance.","PeriodicalId":314714,"journal":{"name":"Strategic Instincts","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116217901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Evolution of an Idea:","authors":"","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvz0h8t8.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvz0h8t8.6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":314714,"journal":{"name":"Strategic Instincts","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128049137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Strategic InstinctsPub Date : 2020-09-08DOI: 10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691137452.003.0011
Dominic D. P. Johnson
{"title":"Guardian Angels","authors":"Dominic D. P. Johnson","doi":"10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691137452.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691137452.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents a summary of the findings and explores the implications of the new evolutionary perspective on cognitive biases for international relations. It concludes that the cognitive biases are adaptive in a way that strategic instincts help individuals, state leaders, and nations achieve their goals. It also reviews effective strategies that often differ radically from those predicted by conventional paradigms, such as the rational choice theory. The chapter offers novel interpretations of historical events, especially the American Revolution, the British appeasement of Hitler in the 1930s, and the United States' Pacific campaign in World War II. It examines counterintuitive strategies for leaders and policymakers to exploit strategic instincts among themselves, the public, and other states.","PeriodicalId":314714,"journal":{"name":"Strategic Instincts","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130141870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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