{"title":"The use of remote sensing in addressing scaling issues for numerical models of atmospheric processes","authors":"E. LeDrew, D. Barber, T. Papakyriakou","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322369","url":null,"abstract":"The problems of thermal forcing during cyclogenesis in the Arctic Polar Basin and numerical modelling are discussed. For the past three years, the authors have been taking detailed surface radiation and energy balance measurements over the sea ice in the Canadian Arctic to more fully understand the process linkages and feedbacks between the atmosphere dynamics and surface processes. The link between the mesoscale models and micro-scale in situ observations is remote sensing. The authors have been exploring a variety of techniques to scale up from detailed micrometeorological measurements to the quasi-geostrophic models through aggregation of data based upon remote sensing information. In this paper the authors review the problems of scaling from observations to models through discussion of the results of the authors' modelling efforts at the synoptic scale and their high resolution observations at the ice surface as part of the SIMMS Programme (Seasonal Sea Ice Monitoring and Modelling Site) in Lancaster Sound. By use of an example, the authors illustrate how microwave scatter can be used to infer the climatological albedo, thereby demonstrating the role which remote sensing can play in bridging the scale gap. The authors outline their research plans over the next five years for addressing other terms of the surface interaction with the atmosphere.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":312260,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IGARSS '93 - IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123722564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Emissivity spectra derived from TIMS data acquired over a partially vegetated area","authors":"T. Matsunaga","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322498","url":null,"abstract":"TIMS (Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner) data of a partially vegetated area were processed using a new temperature-emissivity separation algorithm. This algorithm is based on an empirical relationship between the mean and the variation of spectral emissivity in thermal infrared region. Analysis using simulated mixture data showed that the algorithm can reduce errors caused by varying mixing ratio. Emissivity spectra of volcanic rock and forest were derived from TIMS data using this algorithm and compared with published laboratory spectra.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":312260,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IGARSS '93 - IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122018554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A C-band backscatter model for lake ice in Alaska","authors":"H. Wakabayashi, W. Weeks, M. Jeffries","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322103","url":null,"abstract":"ERS-1 SAR imagery of lake ice growing on shallow tundra lakes in northern Alaska shows interesting radar backscatter variations. Based on the analysis of ice cores from these lakes, a multi-layer backscatter model comprised of the following elements has been developed: 1) specular air-ice, ice-water and ice-frozen soil boundaries; 2) an ice layer of variable thickness; 3) ice sub-layers with air inclusions of variable density, size and shape, including spheres, prolate spheroids, and cylinders of finite length. Preliminary model results confirm that backscatter is a sensitive function of the presence of a specular ice-water interface, with a roughly 40-times greater reflectivity than from an ice-frozen soil interface. The model has also been tested using bubble data derived from ice cores in April 1992. The modelled backscatter is compared with backscatter derived from ERS-1 SAR images obtained at the same time as the fieldwork.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":312260,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IGARSS '93 - IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116815076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preliminary observational study on microwave backscattering characteristics of snow using the PWRI microwave scatterometer","authors":"K. Fukami, K. Masukura, T. Koike, I. Hasegawa","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322106","url":null,"abstract":"The authors made a field experiment of microwave observations (C-band) of natural-layered snow in a coastal area near to the Japan Sea, using the PWRI multi-polarization scatterometer. Any significant relationship between backscattering coefficient and snow water equivalent/moisture content could not be confirmed. To elicit volume scattering in snow, the authors applied the depolarization ratio and found the ratio had a general tendency to increase with snow water equivalent for observations made in 1992, which suggested the possibility of the utilization of multi-polarization data to observe snowcover.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":312260,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IGARSS '93 - IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123922439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Green, J. Conel, J. M. van den Bosch, M. Shimada, M. Nakai
{"title":"On-orbit calibration of the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 Optical Sensor using the Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer","authors":"R. Green, J. Conel, J. M. van den Bosch, M. Shimada, M. Nakai","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322090","url":null,"abstract":"Describes an experiment to calibrate the Optical Sensor (OPS) on board the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) with data acquired by the Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). On the 27th of August 1992 both the OPS and AVIRIS acquired data concurrently over a calibration target on the surface of Rogers Dry Lake, California. The high spectral resolution measurements of AVIRIS have been convolved to the spectral response curves of the OPS and used to generate the radiometric calibration coefficients for the eight bands of the OPS. This experiment establishes the suitability of AVIRIS for the calibration of spaceborne sensors in the 400 to 2500 nm spectral region.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":312260,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IGARSS '93 - IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125932754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"GOMOS, Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars","authors":"P. Mérat, J. Jouan, P. Hollier","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322329","url":null,"abstract":"GOMOS (for Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars) is one of the core instruments of the ESA environmental mission ENVISAT-1 scheduled for 1998. It provides ozone measurements through an original principle using preselected stars as light sources and by making consecutive ultraviolet-visible-infrared spectra for each given star while the star sets behind the horizon. Vertical profiles of ozone and other species can then be derived allowing a permanent monitoring of ozone distribution at a global scale with an unprecedented accuracy. This paper gives an overview of the GOMOS mission and describes in more detail the instrument and its expected performances.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":312260,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IGARSS '93 - IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125956100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experiences of application of satellite remote sensing in Sri Lanka during the last decade","authors":"S. Jayatilaka","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322399","url":null,"abstract":"Satellite remote sensing was first introduced to Sri Lanka in the late 1970s with the launch of the Landsat satellites. The author discusses the use of remote sensing for this country. Some of the topics discussed are: (a) in a well-mapped country is satellite imagery required? (b) cost of data (c) resolution of the data (d) timely availability of data (e) availability of cloud free data in the equator (f) digital equipment required and the maintenance of such equipment (g) the software required and the maintenance of it.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":312260,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IGARSS '93 - IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"139 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124688019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Robust adaptive detection of optical patterns in low resolution airborne radar images","authors":"G. Vela, F.J. Jimenez Rodriguez, J.J. Martinez Madrid, J.R. Casar Corredera","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322732","url":null,"abstract":"Deals with the conception and design methodology of detectors for the location of prominent objects in airborne radar imagery. In its first half, several detection configurations are compared (linear, squared, logarithmic and binary detectors) working on impulsive clutter environments (Weibull model). The election of one detector over the others is based on its average behaviour over the whole range of clutter impulsiveness characteristics expected for the type of environment. The main conclusion is that logarithmic and binary detectors outperform the others. An adaptive threshold mechanism is incorporated into the detectors. Its aim is to maintain their CFAR property against variations of clutter impulsiveness. This scheme is based on the determination of the CFAR detection threshold factor as a function of the PFA estimated at a lower threshold (pseudothreshold).<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":312260,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IGARSS '93 - IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128568247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kobayashi, K. Okamoto, H. Masuko, K. Nakamura, H. Horie, H. Kumagai, M. Simada
{"title":"Artificial oil pollution detection and wave observation in the sea adjacent to Japan by ERS-1 SAR images","authors":"T. Kobayashi, K. Okamoto, H. Masuko, K. Nakamura, H. Horie, H. Kumagai, M. Simada","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322173","url":null,"abstract":"In 1991 and 1992 the authors made experiments to detect an artificial oil slick areas and ocean waves by use of the C-band SAR of ERS-1. Artificial slick areas were produced by spilling oleyl alcohol from a small vessel in the Pacific Ocean about 100 km off the coasts of Cape Omaezaki in 1991 and Peninsula Kii in 1992. Sea truth data was gathered from a small vessel. The sea surface conditions were also observed by X-band, VV-polarization real aperture SLAR of CRL synchronously. The SAR images were processed by NASDA. The authors succeeded in clearly finding the artificially polluted areas as dark patches. The damping of the scattered powers was nearly 4 dB for the wind speed condition below 11 m/s.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":312260,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IGARSS '93 - IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128608809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Structured neural networks for the classification of multisensor remote-sensing images","authors":"S. Serpico, F. Roli, P. Pellegretti, G. Vernazza","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1993.322191","url":null,"abstract":"Proposes the application of structured neural networks to the supervised classification of multisensor remote-sensing images. The purpose of the proposed approach is to exploit neural networks advantages while solving, in the context of the considered application, the problems of \"architecture definition\" and of \"opacity\". The architecture of the proposed neural networks reflects the provenance of data from different sensors. This allows one to easily define a network architecture by exploiting the characteristics of a given multisensor classification problem. In addition, the \"structuring\" of the architecture notably helps to understand the classification criteria implemented by the neural network classifier. To make possible such an interpretation, a transformation of the representation of original networks into a \"simplified representation\" has also been defined. The advantages provided by such networks are pointed out from the viewpoint of the remote-sensing application. Experimental results on multisensor data and comparisons with the Bayesian classifier are reported.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":312260,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of IGARSS '93 - IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129333348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}