{"title":"List of Abbreviations","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501716102-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501716102-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":309474,"journal":{"name":"From Mobility to Accessibility","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133789330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction: The Accessibility Shift","authors":"J. Levine, Joe Grengs, Louis A. Merlin","doi":"10.7591/9781501716102-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501716102-003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":309474,"journal":{"name":"From Mobility to Accessibility","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128680327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"7. Nonwork Accessibility","authors":"J. Levine, Joe Grengs, Louis A. Merlin","doi":"10.7591/9781501716102-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501716102-010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":309474,"journal":{"name":"From Mobility to Accessibility","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116080734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"4. Accessibility and Urban Form","authors":"J. Levine, Joe Grengs, Louis A. Merlin","doi":"10.7591/9781501716102-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501716102-007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":309474,"journal":{"name":"From Mobility to Accessibility","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116711399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Accessibility and Urban Form","authors":"J. Levine, Joe Grengs, Louis A. Merlin","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501716072.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501716072.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter assesses the relationship between urban form and accessibility by comparing accessibility across metropolitan regions in the United States. A prevalent view among urban planning researchers is that low-density, auto-oriented metropolitan regions are also low-accessibility areas. This view, if supported, would have important implications for policy reform. For metropolitan areas in the U.S. overall, there is a positive relationship between density and auto accessibility. This suggests that land-use policy can be highly relevant to accessibility outcomes. In particular, allowing metropolitan compactness by easing land-use regulations mandating low development densities can improve the effectiveness of the roadway transportation system as defined in accessibility terms. Yet the success of the strategy remains a matter for empirical accessibility evaluation. The relationship between metropolitan density and work accessibility via automobile, while positive, is hardly ironclad, and some low-density regions do offer high auto accessibility. And transportation success overall should not just consider the automobile but should consider accessibility via all travel modes, including walking, cycling, public transport, and cars.","PeriodicalId":309474,"journal":{"name":"From Mobility to Accessibility","volume":"27 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126132084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What is Transportation For?","authors":"J. Levine, Joe Grengs, Louis A. Merlin","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501716072.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501716072.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter traces the history of the derived-demand concept, its application to the transportation context, and an important challenge to the derived view of transportation demand. The derived-demand concept, which underpins the logic of accessibility in transportation and land-use planning, originated in realms entirely removed from transportation. The derived-demand term was coined in 1895 by the economist Alfred Marshall, who used it to describe the demand curves for goods that were intermediate to the consumption or production of other goods. However, the first application of Marshall's derived-demand concept to transportation may have come four decades later in Michael Bonavia's 1936 book The Economics of Transport. The derived-demand concept in transportation was developed further by Robert Mitchell and Chester Rapkin, who were interested in forecasting demand for transportation on the basis of land-use patterns across a metropolitan area. Ultimately, the consensus view that transportation demand is mostly derived is not an absolute truth but, rather, is based on the view that transportation is most usefully viewed—in most circumstances and for most trips—as one means to an end, rather than an end in itself.","PeriodicalId":309474,"journal":{"name":"From Mobility to Accessibility","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128733044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evolution of the Accessibility Concept","authors":"J. Levine, Joe Grengs, Louis A. Merlin","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501716072.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501716072.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the major themes in the evolution of accessibility over the twentieth century. The idea of accessibility is not new, either to urban and regional planning or to the social sciences in general. The concept dates back at least to Richard Hurd's 1903 analysis of urban growth, Robert Haig's 1926 “ease of contact,” and John Stewart's 1948 “demographic energy.” In Stewart's analysis, the first of the three to quantify the accessibility concept, it was a good predictor of outcomes, including observed income at the state level. Stewart also recognized the potential of accessibility as a normative goal early on: if energy or accessibility can predict important outcomes such as income, then surely it could also be seen as a policy variable to be directly manipulated by central planners. Echoing earlier authors, Walter Hansen applied the term “accessibility” to Stewart's “demographic energy” and broadly introduced the concept into the urban and regional realm with three ideas central to the planning use of the tool. First, like Hurd's and Haig's analyses early in the century—and unlike Stewart's nationally scaled research—Hansen's analysis was metropolitan, not the continental. Second, the outcome variable for Hansen was residential development, a central concern of the urban-planning profession. And finally, where Stewart had implicitly treated peoples' inclination to travel as a constant value, Hansen showed that it was a variable subject to empirical investigation.","PeriodicalId":309474,"journal":{"name":"From Mobility to Accessibility","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133293862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Accessibility in Social-Equity Evaluation","authors":"J. Levine, Joe Grengs, Louis A. Merlin","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501716072.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501716072.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues that because the concept of accessibility enables comparison of transportation's benefits among social groups, it is essential to proper evaluation of the social-equity impacts of transportation decisions. Unlike mobility metrics, which tend to focus on the performance of infrastructure, accessibility metrics are readily analyzed with regard to specific groups of people, such as low-income and racial-minority groups. One group that deserves special attention in equity analysis is people without access to an automobile, because the travel modes available to individuals are the single most decisive factor in determining whether they can reach destinations. However, because accessibility is inherently multidimensional and more complex than standard mobility-based metrics, several methodological considerations are essential for meaningful analysis; considering differences in mode alone is not sufficient. The influence of mode on accessibility tends to vary systematically in metropolitan space, and accessibility analysis must consider the effect of mode and location simultaneously. The chapter then explains the mobility nature of current equity evaluation, and proposes and demonstrates the use of accessibility-based equity-evaluation tools.","PeriodicalId":309474,"journal":{"name":"From Mobility to Accessibility","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123862793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"6. Accessibility in Social-Equity Evaluation","authors":"J. Levine, Joe Grengs, Louis A. Merlin","doi":"10.7591/9781501716102-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501716102-009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":309474,"journal":{"name":"From Mobility to Accessibility","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121243992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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