Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling最新文献

Impact of Pesticides on the Environment 农药对环境的影响

Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling Pub Date : 2018-09-11 DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C12

Y. A. Madhun, V. Freed

引用次数: 6

Pesticide Sources to the Soil and Principles of Spray Physics 农药对土壤的来源及喷雾物理原理

Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling Pub Date : 2018-09-11 DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C2

C. Himel, H. Loats, G. W. Bailey

引用次数: 14

Biological Transformation Processes of Pesticides 农药的生物转化过程

Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling Pub Date : 2018-09-11 DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C6

J. Bollag, S.-Y. Liu

引用次数: 77

Volatilization and Vapor Transport Processes 挥发和蒸气输送过程

Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling Pub Date : 2018-09-11 DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C7

A. W. Taylor, W. Spencer

引用次数: 47

Sorption Estimates for Modeling 模型的吸收估计

Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling Pub Date : 2018-09-11 DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C4

R. Green, S. Karickhoff

引用次数: 43

Abiotic Transformations in Water, Sediments, and Soil 水、沉积物和土壤中的非生物转化

Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling Pub Date : 2018-09-11 DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C5

N. Wolfe, U. Mingelgrin, G. C. Miller

{"title":"Abiotic Transformations in Water, Sediments, and Soil","authors":"N. Wolfe, U. Mingelgrin, G. C. Miller","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C5","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of abiotic transformations to the fate of pesticides in the environment became widely recognized only recently. Even in a medium in which intense biological activity takes place, such as soil, abiotic transformations can be important. Under some conditions, such as those that may occur below the root zone, abiotic transformations can dominate the fate of pesticides. Abiotic transformations of pesticides have been reviewed by several investigators (e.g., Melnikov, 1971; Kearny & Kaufman, 1969; Morrill et al., 1982). In these publications, the pesticides were classified according to their chemical structure, demonstrating that transformations are based on functional groups of the pesticide. In the present chapter, the abiotic transformations will be described in terms of the specific environment in which they occur. Numerous transformations occur in the homogeneous phases, especially in the liquid phase. Other transformations occur in the interface between phases. These include reactions that are heterogeneously catalyzed and those that occur in solution under the influence of the electric field of charged surfaces. Crosby (1970), in a review on abiotic transformations in the soil, presented some examples of both surface-enhanced reactions and reactions that take place in the bulk liquid phase. It is often difficult to determine whether a pesticide undergoes abiotic or biotic transformations. In the case of many pesticides, significant biological and chemical degradation takes place simultaneously (Wolfe et al., 1980). For example, Deuel et ale (1985) reported such a situation for carbaryl degradation in flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields. Barug and Vonk (1980) re-","PeriodicalId":308970,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131511685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 26

The Retention Process: Mechanisms 留存过程:机制

Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling Pub Date : 2018-09-11 DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C3

W. C. Koskinen, S. Harper

{"title":"The Retention Process: Mechanisms","authors":"W. C. Koskinen, S. Harper","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C3","url":null,"abstract":"Retention is one of the key processes affecting the fate of organic chemicals in the soil-water environment. Retention refers to the ability of the soil to hold a pesticide or other organic molecule and to prevent the molecule from moving either within or outside of the soil matrix. As such, retention refers primarily to the adsorption process, but also includes absorption into the soil matrix and soil organisms, both plants and microorganisms. Retention controls, and is subsequently controlled, by chemical and biological transformation processes. Retention strongly influences chemical transport to the atmosphere, groundwater, and surface waters. Not surprisingly, retention is a primary factor influencing the efficacy of soil-applied pesticides. The literature abounds with references on the retention of pesticides in soils (e.g., Bailey & White, 1964; Hamaker & Thompson, 1972; Green, 1974; Weed & Weber, 1974; Calvet, 1980). Adsorption is defined as the accumulation of a pesticide or other organic molecule at either the soil-water or the soil-air interface. Adsorption is often used to refer to a reversible process involving the attraction of a chemical to the soil particle surface and retention of the chemical on the surface for a time that depends on the affinity of the chemical for the surface. The distinction between true adsorption in which molecular layers form on a soil particle surface, precipitation in which either a separate solid phase forms on solid surfaces or covalent bonding with the soil particle surface occurs, and absorption into soil particles and organisms is difficult. In practice, adsorption is usually determined only by chemical loss from solution, thus adsorption is often replaced by the more general term, sorption. Sorption refers to a general retention process with no distinction between the specific processes of adsorption, absorption, and precipitation. The individual retention processes are highly complex. This complexity is primarily the result of soil heterogeneity and the soil's contiguity with biological, atmospheric, and water systems. Therefore, one of the keys to understanding the mechanisms of the retention process is the composition of the soil matrix.","PeriodicalId":308970,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122223132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 100

Epilogue: A Closing Perspective 尾声:一个结束的视角

Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling Pub Date : 2018-09-11 DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C14

G. W. Bailey

{"title":"Epilogue: A Closing Perspective","authors":"G. W. Bailey","doi":"10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C14","url":null,"abstract":"In this book, we have documented the research direction, efforts, and accomplishments in agricultural chemistry over the last 40 yr, particularly with respect to advances made since Pesticides in Soil and Water (Guenzi, 1974) was published by the Soil Science Society of America in 1974. The development of a whole generation of pesticides was telescoped into the few years corresponding with the Second World War. DDT, 2,4-0, and indole acetic acid (lAA) were credited with saving millions of lives. New families of pesticides-the triazines, carbamates, organophosphates, substituted ureas, and bipyridinium compounds-sprang into use in the 1950s, 196Os, and 1970s. Thus, started one side of the chemical revolution in American agriculture. Concomitantly, with the development of new pesticide products was the change in fertilizer management practices from the use of rock phosphates, green manure crops, and animal manures as nutrient sources to the adoption of synthetically produced fertilizers and monoculture agriculture. Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (Carson, 1962) created a national awareness and concern over the adverse effects of pesticides on birds of prey, farmers, other segments of the environment, and the populace. Although this was not the first report of environmental abuse (Young & Nicholson, 1951, had noted fish kills in 15 rural Alabama tributary streams to the Tennessee River when rainfall-generated run-off occurred shortly after pesticides were applied to cotton fields), the book created intense concern at the national and even the international levels. The era of environmental awareness started then and continues to the present.","PeriodicalId":308970,"journal":{"name":"Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123560956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Risk/Benefit and Regulations 风险/利益和法规

Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling Pub Date : 2018-09-11 DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C13

D. Severn, G. Ballard

引用次数: 3

Efficacy of Soil-Applied Pesticides 土壤施用农药的功效

Pesticides in the Soil Environment: Processes, Impacts and Modeling Pub Date : 2018-09-11 DOI: 10.2136/SSSABOOKSER2.C11

M. Leistra, R. Green

引用次数: 5