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The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages最新文献

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Agreement with the post-verbal DP in Polish dual copula clauses 与波兰语双联语条款中的后言语DP一致
The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0006
A. Bondaruk
{"title":"Agreement with the post-verbal DP in Polish dual copula clauses","authors":"A. Bondaruk","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter examines agreement in Polish dual copula clauses, hosting both the verbal and the pronominal copula. The focus is on predicational and specificational dual copula clauses, in which the verbal copula agrees in φ‎-features with the post-verbal item, not with the pre-verbal one, when both nominal expressions are 3rd person. T in Polish dual copula clauses is taken to be a multiple probe, which has its φ‎-features valued by one of the goals it undergoes Agree with, while T’s EPP-feature is eliminated by the other goal. Divorcing the satisfaction of the EPP-feature of T from its φ‎-feature valuation accounts for the agreement with the post-verbal DP in both types of clauses analysed. The person hierarchy, in which 3rd person is subordinate to 1st and 2nd person, explains why in dual copula clauses with the 1st or 2nd person pronoun, the 1st or 2nd person pronoun always determines verbal agreement.","PeriodicalId":308902,"journal":{"name":"The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132797482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Predicational and specificational copular sentences in Logoori 语中谓语和规定性流行句
The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0012
Nicoletta Loccioni
{"title":"Predicational and specificational copular sentences in Logoori","authors":"Nicoletta Loccioni","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents data from Logoori (Bantu) which shows morphosyntactic evidence for two different strategies in place in copular sentences. Unlike English, Logoori predicational and specificational copular sentences do not (have to) have a similar surface syntax. It is claimed that the crucial difference does not rest on two distinct types of underlying predicational structures, rather it is the result of two different derivations. In Logoori, when the referential phrase is in a precopular position, it can either occupy the canonical subject position or (in some cases) it can be dislocated. On the other hand, when the predicative phrase is in precopular position it can only occupy a dislocated position, supporting an inverse analysis for specificational (and identificational) copular sentences in which the predicate must be dislocated outside the TP, much in the spirit of Moro (1997).","PeriodicalId":308902,"journal":{"name":"The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114191011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The copula in certain Caribbean Spanish focus constructions 某些加勒比西班牙语焦点结构中的连词
The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0010
Luis Sáez
{"title":"The copula in certain Caribbean Spanish focus constructions","authors":"Luis Sáez","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Certain varieties of Spanish (mostly Caribbean) exhibit a focus construction where an inflected copula and an inflected lexical verb look like clause-mates (no pause or coordinating/subordinating particle mediate between them), which would be quite unexpected for a language like Spanish. This chapter proposes that the copula and the lexical verb are not clause-mates, but rather pertain to two different clauses: the leftmost one contains the lexical verb while the rightmost one is a cleft. The two clauses combine to form a construction similar to so-called ‘Horn-amalgams’. An analysis of these constructions is offered parallel to Kluck’s (2011) analysis of Horn-amalgams: there is ‘paratactic coordination’ (whence the lack of coordinating/subordinating particles) and the copula is a cleft copula introducing a cleft pivot and an (eventually sluiced) cleft-clause. This accounts for the fact that the focused item bears exhaustive focus and is interpreted as functionally related to the lexical verb.","PeriodicalId":308902,"journal":{"name":"The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131105141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Variation in Bantu copula constructions 班图语连词结构的变化
The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198829850.003.0011
Hannah Gibson, Rozenn Guérois, L. Marten
{"title":"Variation in Bantu copula constructions","authors":"Hannah Gibson, Rozenn Guérois, L. Marten","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198829850.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829850.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview of variation in Bantu non-verbal predication and copula constructions. These constructions exhibit a wide range of fine-grained micro-variation against a backdrop of broad typological similarity across the Bantu family. Variation is seen in the function of copulas, in their morphosyntactic properties, and with respect to the elements with which they combine. A key feature of Bantu copula constructions is the presence of several morphologically distinct copulas in many languages, often with different interpretations and restricted distribution. After surveying copulas found in Bantu, the chapter focuses on five languages—Mongo, Rangi, Digo, Swahili, and Cuwabo—and shows differences in complementation for the different copula forms, with tighter restrictions on locative, existential, and possessive interpretations across the sample, as compared to identificational and attributive interpretations. The data presented in the chapter are relevant for theoretical studies of copulas and the study of language change and language contact.","PeriodicalId":308902,"journal":{"name":"The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126159212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Main questions in the study of copulas copula研究中的主要问题
The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198829850.003.0001
María J. Arche, Antonio Fábregas, Rafael Marín
{"title":"Main questions in the study of copulas","authors":"María J. Arche, Antonio Fábregas, Rafael Marín","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198829850.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829850.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter identifies the main empirical facts that a grammar of copulas should capture (their categorical nature, the different constructions they are part of) and examines how the theoretical analyses existing to date and those advanced in this volume fare with respect to them. It is shown that copulas, given their frontier-like categorical nature and uttermost diversity in forms and behavior across languages and structures, are a privileged ground to explore essential theoretical issues of the functional domain of language. The wealth of new data from unrelated languages brought to light in this volume enables the elicitation of unknown descriptions, proving previous accounts insufficient. Likewise, this compilation allows the reader to appraise theoretical analyses of formal mechanisms that affect language in general (e.g. agreement), exceeding the scope of copulas themselves.","PeriodicalId":308902,"journal":{"name":"The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117031864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The copula as a nominative Case marker 联系词作为主格标记
The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0004
Kwang-Sup Kim
{"title":"The copula as a nominative Case marker","authors":"Kwang-Sup Kim","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"In Korean the morpheme /-I/ has conventionally been taken to be a copula, since it functions as a host for tense affixes when the predicate is a nominal. This chapter, however, argues that it is a nominative Case marker on the basis of morpho-phonological and syntactic evidence. First of all, /-I/ and the nominative Case marker are phonologically identical; second, they are in complementary distribution, and third, they are subject to the same distributional restrictions. On these grounds this chapter claims that the constituent that has been assumed to be a copula is an allomorph of the nominative Case marker. There are some apparent counterexamples to this claim, but this chapter shows that they turn out to be not genuine counterexamples.","PeriodicalId":308902,"journal":{"name":"The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages","volume":"220 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124965820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The support copula in the left periphery 左外周的支束
The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0003
Teresa O’Neill
{"title":"The support copula in the left periphery","authors":"Teresa O’Neill","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents novel evidence for the morphological support approach to the copula, based on data from non-standard amalgam specificational copular constructions in English, like We need coffee is what we need. In these constructions, the copula linking the two clauses shows unusual syntactic and semantic properties. Evidence from an interpretation experiment shows that, although it is inflected for tense, the copula of an amalgam construction fails to associate with semantic tense. Furthermore, the amalgam copula cannot associate with the syntactic hallmarks of the T-domain or the V-domain; however, it can combine with material from the C-domain, suggesting that in these constructions, only the C-domain is present. To account for the amalgam specificational copular construction, a late-insertion analysis of the copula is adopted, under which the inflected forms of the copula are inserted as morphological support wherever inflectional features, combinations of [fin], [tense], and [φ‎], are stranded on a functional head. Since these features can be spelled out on a copula in C in the absence of T and V, it must be the case that higher functional projections can be independent from lower ones.","PeriodicalId":308902,"journal":{"name":"The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114832711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The role of the copula in periphrastic passives in Russian 连词在俄语委婉被动语态中的作用
The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0009
O. Borik
{"title":"The role of the copula in periphrastic passives in Russian","authors":"O. Borik","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most interesting properties of the periphrastic passive construction in Russian is the optional realization of the copula verb be. Although the presence of the copula does not affect the grammaticality of the construction per se, there are semantic effects related to the presence/absence of the copula verb in a passive sentence. One of the clearest differences concerns the temporal interpretation of a sentence: a passive sentence without a copula corresponds to a present interpretation, whereas the same sentence with the copula realized has a past interpretation. This is in accordance with the grammatical pattern of copula realization in Russian: the present tense copula in nominal predicates is not overtly realized. This chapter shows that copula realization in Russian is conditioned only by a temporal interpretation, just as the traditional view has it, and is not related to a stative vs. eventive interpretation of passive sentences, as has been proposed by Paslawska and von Stechow (2003).","PeriodicalId":308902,"journal":{"name":"The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123899724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Number matching in binominal small clauses 二名小分句中的数字匹配
The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198829850.003.0005
S. Bejar, Jessica Denniss, Arsalan Kahnemuyipour, T. Yokoyama
{"title":"Number matching in binominal small clauses","authors":"S. Bejar, Jessica Denniss, Arsalan Kahnemuyipour, T. Yokoyama","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198829850.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829850.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines covariation in number specification in small clauses with two nominals, as exemplified by copular clauses with a nominal predicate (DP1 BE DP2). Number matching between DP1 and DP2 is obligatory in some such structures, but not others. Two questions arising from this are addressed: (A) By what formal mechanism should number matching between the DP1 and DP2 be enforced? (B) What determines whether matching is required or not? Regarding (A) this chapter argues that Agree is not well-suited for modeling this feature-sharing relation and proposes instead that number matching arises as a reflex of feature-valuation at Merge when DP2 has an unvalued number feature [_#]. Regarding (B), it is proposed that the availability of valuation as a reflex of Merge is sensitive to the feature structure of DP2 and is blocked when, for independent reasons, DP2 does not introduce an accessible [_#]. Three such cases are examined.","PeriodicalId":308902,"journal":{"name":"The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115331472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Copulas and light verbs as spellouts of argument structure 连词和轻动词作为论点结构的拼写
The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages Pub Date : 2019-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0002
N. Welch
{"title":"Copulas and light verbs as spellouts of argument structure","authors":"N. Welch","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198829850.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Dene (Athapaskan) languages typically have a small inventory of semantically light verbs. This chapter demonstrates that their interpretations derive wholly from their syntactic context in predictable ways and proposes these verbs are spellouts of morphosyntactic structure with either semantically vacuous roots or none at all. They are shown to form a cline of structural complexity and it is suggested that some of the cross-linguistic semantic variability observed in light verbs may originate from this structural variation. Additionally, since these verbs serve as matrix verbs of full clauses, they cast doubt on claims that light verbs are syntactically dependent on main verbs. The extreme semantic impoverishment and configurational relatedness of these verbs suggests that they are a unified class. Two of them are commonly termed copulas; the data and analysis presented here, however, suggest that a principled distinction between copulas and light verbs may ultimately be illusory.","PeriodicalId":308902,"journal":{"name":"The Grammar of Copulas Across Languages","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125206968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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