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REFOULING ROHINGYAS: THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA'S UNEASY ENGAGEMENT WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW 驱回罗辛亚：印度最高法院与国际法的不安接触
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs Pub Date : 2021-06-18 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA21720116K
Malcolm Katrak, Shardool Kulkarni
{"title":"REFOULING ROHINGYAS: THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA'S UNEASY ENGAGEMENT WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW","authors":"Malcolm Katrak, Shardool Kulkarni","doi":"10.47305/JLIA21720116K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47305/JLIA21720116K","url":null,"abstract":"The complex relationship between international and municipal law has been the bone of significant scholarly contention. In the Indian context, despite a formal commitment to dualism, courts have effected an interpretive shift towards monism by espousing incorporation of international law. The case of Mohammad Salimullah v. Union of India, which involves the issue of deportation of Rohingya refugees from India, represents a challenge in this regard owing to the lack of clarity as to India’s obligations under the principle of non-refoulement. The paper uses the Supreme Court’s recent interim order in the said case as a case study to examine India’s engagement with international law. It argues that the order inadequately examines the role of international law in constitutional interpretation and has the unfortunate effect of ‘refouling’ Rohingyas by sending them back to a state where they face imminent persecution.","PeriodicalId":30762,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liberty and International Affairs","volume":"7 1","pages":"116-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43984165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
THE CURRENT POSITION OF THE FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA 外国恐怖主义战斗人员目前在北马其顿共和国的位置
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs Pub Date : 2021-03-24 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA21170027I
Ice Ilijevski, Katerina Krstevska Savovska
{"title":"THE CURRENT POSITION OF THE FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA","authors":"Ice Ilijevski, Katerina Krstevska Savovska","doi":"10.47305/JLIA21170027I","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47305/JLIA21170027I","url":null,"abstract":"Terrorism with religious ideological background today is a serious global threat. The modern infrastructure and the communications of movement allowed terrorist organizations to be able to attack everywhere in the world. The issue that is a point of interest of this paper is the current situation of returning the foreign terrorist fighters to their home country or third countries and the security consequences that may arise if they are not treated properly. For a more detailed perception of this problem through the case analysis – an operative police action related to the foreign terrorist fighters, the functional aspects of the criminal prosecution bodies of the Republic of North Macedonia will be better perceived and studied. Also, a special emphasis will be placed on the strategy for the fight against violent extremism and the financing of terrorist fighters.","PeriodicalId":30762,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liberty and International Affairs","volume":"7 1","pages":"27-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45876503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING ON SOCIAL MEDIA SITES: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE 2019 AUSTRIAN NATIONAL COUNCIL ELECTION CAMPAIGN 社交媒体网站上的负面竞选:对2019年奥地利全国议会竞选活动的定量分析
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs Pub Date : 2021-03-24 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA21170011L
Stefan Lehrner
{"title":"NEGATIVE CAMPAIGNING ON SOCIAL MEDIA SITES: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE 2019 AUSTRIAN NATIONAL COUNCIL ELECTION CAMPAIGN","authors":"Stefan Lehrner","doi":"10.47305/JLIA21170011L","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47305/JLIA21170011L","url":null,"abstract":"Election campaigns in the age of social media are rapidly changing their character. Due to the declining party loyalty of voters, once stable constituencies have become increasingly volatile and the importance of campaigning has increased. Parties are now thought to be more likely than in the past to opt for negative campaigning. This paper examines the postings that parties or top candidates made on the social media sites Facebook and Twitter during the 2019 National Council election campaign. The results suggest that - at least on social media sites - the cost-benefit analysis of the parties might turn towards negative campaigning, as the average popularity of negative campaigning posts was higher than those that were not tagged with negative campaigning.","PeriodicalId":30762,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liberty and International Affairs","volume":"7 1","pages":"11-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44766711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
DIGITAL SERVICES AS A TOOL FOR CREATING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN THE BANKING SECTOR IN NORTH MACEDONIA 数字服务作为在北马其顿银行业创造竞争优势的工具
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs Pub Date : 2021-03-24 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA21170079S
Viktorija Stojkovski
{"title":"DIGITAL SERVICES AS A TOOL FOR CREATING COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN THE BANKING SECTOR IN NORTH MACEDONIA","authors":"Viktorija Stojkovski","doi":"10.47305/JLIA21170079S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47305/JLIA21170079S","url":null,"abstract":"In the last few years participants of the banking sector in North Macedonia are facing big competition as a result of the increased innovations between these participants. The only way for banks to stay relevant with their operations is to create a sustainable competitive advantage. For an organization to hold out in a competitive environment, it needs to develop competitive strategies. One of the aspects of creating a competitive advantage in the banking sector is creating digital services. These services have a high impact on the banking sector and enable banks to have a competitive advantage in different manners. In addition to a theoretical approach to creating a competitive advantage in the banking sector, we conducted empirical research on how banks in North Macedonia create competitive advantage by offering digital services. This paper aims to describe the end-users attitude on digital banking services as well as the bank’s strategies on creating a competitive advantage by offering digital banking services.","PeriodicalId":30762,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liberty and International Affairs","volume":"7 1","pages":"79-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47293261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND THE INTERCONNECTEDNESS WITH THE COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC AND TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN CANADA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION 全球化的影响以及与加拿大和欧洲联盟之间的全面经济和贸易协定的相互联系
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs Pub Date : 2021-03-24 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA21170106F
Marija Fileva
{"title":"THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION AND THE INTERCONNECTEDNESS WITH THE COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC AND TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN CANADA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION","authors":"Marija Fileva","doi":"10.47305/JLIA21170106F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47305/JLIA21170106F","url":null,"abstract":"Elimination of the trade barriers and stimulation of business activity through trade liberalization led to the expansion in the field of the global economy. There are plentiful hesitations about who gains the highest benefit from free trade, especially when it comes to the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union. Analogously, the previous mention guides to the dilemma about the trade negotiations and their position in the same agreement in which are the labor standards. Additionally, trade liberalization has influenced the creation of a close link connection between trade, labor, and globalization. This paper focuses on the effects of globalization and trade liberalization with their connection apropos the provisions from CETA; especially with an emphasis on Chapter 23: 'Trade and Labour’.","PeriodicalId":30762,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liberty and International Affairs","volume":"7 1","pages":"106-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44588330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
THE ESCALATION OF CONFLICT BETWEEN ARMENIANS AND AZERBAIJANIS AND THE PROBLEMS OF PEACEFUL RESOLUTION OF THE NAGORNO-KARABAKH WAR 亚美尼亚与阿塞拜疆冲突的升级与纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫战争的和平解决问题
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs Pub Date : 2021-01-08 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA2163102M
Valeri Modebadze
{"title":"THE ESCALATION OF CONFLICT BETWEEN ARMENIANS AND AZERBAIJANIS AND THE PROBLEMS OF PEACEFUL RESOLUTION OF THE NAGORNO-KARABAKH WAR","authors":"Valeri Modebadze","doi":"10.47305/JLIA2163102M","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47305/JLIA2163102M","url":null,"abstract":"This article explains why it is so difficult to achieve peace in Nagorno-Karabakh and what factors prevent the peaceful resolution of the conflict. This conflict is very difficult to resolve because the conflicting parties have contradictory geopolitical interests and cannot achieve consensus during negotiations.  We have to take into account Russia’s geopolitical interests in South Caucasus that Kremlin is interested in freezing this conflict to weaken both states, Azerbaijan and Armenia, and bring them back to Russia’s orbit. Moscow aims to establish firm control over South Caucasus which was viewed in the past as a ‘Russian backyard’.  Russia still views South Caucasus as its zone of influence and tries to bring this region back into Russia’s orbit.","PeriodicalId":30762,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liberty and International Affairs","volume":"6 1","pages":"102-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47159541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
GEOPOLITICS OF NEAR-SPACE: INCREASING NATIONAL POWER THROUGH SPACEPLANE DEPLOYMENT 近空间地缘政治:通过航天飞机部署增强国家实力
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs Pub Date : 2021-01-08 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA2163090N
B. Nuhija, Stefani Stojchevska
{"title":"GEOPOLITICS OF NEAR-SPACE: INCREASING NATIONAL POWER THROUGH SPACEPLANE DEPLOYMENT","authors":"B. Nuhija, Stefani Stojchevska","doi":"10.47305/JLIA2163090N","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47305/JLIA2163090N","url":null,"abstract":"With the delimitation of airspace and outer space being a continuous issue, various arguments intend to analyze the viewpoint of the geopolitics of near-space being considered neither as part of Astropolitik, nor the geopolitics of airspace. Consequently, a comparative methodology in regards to the multidimensional objectives of geopolitics is followed: (1) evolving a theoretical military basis of spaceplane deployment; (2) examining the natural background of the geopolitics of near-space; (3) constructing the ‘history-future’ relation of the geopolitics of near-space; and (4) analyzing the increasing of America’s national power through spaceplane deployment. Principle results obtained from the theoretical comparative methodology consequently determine the fundamental establishment of the geopolitics of near-space.","PeriodicalId":30762,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liberty and International Affairs","volume":"6 1","pages":"90-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44849727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CHINA’S PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: EVOLUTION, CHALLENGES, AND THE GREEK CASE 中国公共外交:演变、挑战和希腊案例
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs Pub Date : 2021-01-08 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA2163079Z
G. Zacharias
{"title":"CHINA’S PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: EVOLUTION, CHALLENGES, AND THE GREEK CASE","authors":"G. Zacharias","doi":"10.47305/JLIA2163079Z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47305/JLIA2163079Z","url":null,"abstract":"The construction of a positive international image is profoundly correlated with advancing one’s national interests abroad. Influencing foreign audiences and creating multisided links with countries of interest, is the main objective of public diplomacy. In the highly interconnected XXI century, countries have increasingly invested in that practice, assisted by major technological advancements. China is not an exception. The current paper will examine in which ways the latter conducts public diplomacy and through which actors. The study will also try to showcase the evolution and challenges that took place in this domain. Afterward, the case study of Greece will be considered, presenting the Chinese actors engaging in the country, the practices they use, and how the bilateral relationship has been affected. The essay will conclude with estimating the total effectiveness of the practices, possible challenges that exist, and several insights for future reference.","PeriodicalId":30762,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liberty and International Affairs","volume":"6 1","pages":"79-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45801186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STANDARDS IN COMBATING CHILD ONLINE SEXUAL ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION 打击儿童网上性虐待和性剥削的国际法律标准
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs Pub Date : 2021-01-08 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA2163111N
B. Netkova, Ariana Qosaj Qosaj Mustafa
{"title":"INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STANDARDS IN COMBATING CHILD ONLINE SEXUAL ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION","authors":"B. Netkova, Ariana Qosaj Qosaj Mustafa","doi":"10.47305/JLIA2163111N","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47305/JLIA2163111N","url":null,"abstract":"The general international standards are being discussed in this article, as well as more relevant ones concerned with the problem of sexual exploitation and child abuse. Further, the article discusses a growing understanding of children’s exposure to violence, strengthened commitments to secure their safety and protection, and significant international implementation efforts to mobilize support for prevention and response and to help change attitudes and behavior which condone violence against children. With the fast development of the internet and online social networks, the article ends with a conclusion in identifying criminal law benchmarks based on the previously identified general international standards.","PeriodicalId":30762,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liberty and International Affairs","volume":"6 1","pages":"111-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45825046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
EVOLUTIONARY POSSIBILITIES OF DEMOCRATIZATION AND ATAVISTIC NATIONALISM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF UNRECOGNIZED STATES 民主化与返祖民族主义的进化可能性&未被承认国家的比较研究
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs Pub Date : 2021-01-08 DOI: 10.47305/JLIA2163011U
Hilmi Ulas
{"title":"EVOLUTIONARY POSSIBILITIES OF DEMOCRATIZATION AND ATAVISTIC NATIONALISM: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF UNRECOGNIZED STATES","authors":"Hilmi Ulas","doi":"10.47305/JLIA2163011U","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47305/JLIA2163011U","url":null,"abstract":"The question of how rising atavistic nationalism will affect democracies worldwide is an essential one of our time. In this paper, I focus instead on conducting a comparative historical analysis of atavistic nationalism in two unrecognized states: North Cyprus and Taiwan. I argue that the democratic crisis of our times is, in its essence, economic and has been precipitated by the failure of democracies to build domestic capacities to support democratic values. Furthermore, I posit that engaging populaces at the local political level will prove essential to preserving democracies around the world. I conclude by underlining that atavistic nationalism is indeed a significant threat to regional and global peace and requires further co-operation on trade and governance, and should be engaged at the local level. Lastly, I suggest that co-creating local cultures that will act to soften atavistic nationalism, which feeds off the perception of threats and fear.","PeriodicalId":30762,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Liberty and International Affairs","volume":"6 1","pages":"11-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41404830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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