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The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology最新文献

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Alternative cosmological theories 其他宇宙学理论
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology Pub Date : 2019-03-13 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.4
H. Kragh
{"title":"Alternative cosmological theories","authors":"H. Kragh","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.4","url":null,"abstract":"Since about 1970 the broadly accepted theory of the universe has been the standard hot big-bang model. However, there is and has always been alternative theories which challenge one or more features of the standard model or, more radically, question the scientific nature of cosmology. Is the universe governed by Einstein’s field equations? Is it really in a state of expansion? Did it begin with a big bang? The chapter discusses various alternative or heterodox theories in the period from about 1930 to 1980, among them the idea of a static universe and the conception that our universe evolves cyclically in infinite cosmic time. While some of these theories have been abandoned long ago, others still live on and are cultivated by a minority of cosmologists and other scientists.","PeriodicalId":301771,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127384166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Space science and technological progress: testing theories of relativistic gravity and cosmology during the Cold War 空间科学和技术进步:冷战期间相对论引力和宇宙学理论的检验
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology Pub Date : 2019-03-13 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.9
S. Bianchi
{"title":"Space science and technological progress: testing theories of relativistic gravity and cosmology during the Cold War","authors":"S. Bianchi","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.9","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with the development of modern cosmology as a consequence of relativity theory testing and the space race during the Cold War. The chapter describes the dynamics of competition and collaboration among the two blocs with emphasis on the sectors of Soviet radio astronomy and space science. Developments of both fields are analysed in relationship with the military context and the technological development taking place in the USA. The chapter also takes into account the relationship between the two blocs and other Countries, such as France and Australia in order to show how the transfer of knowledge and know-how played a role in the extraordinary impulse that cosmology received during the Cold War.","PeriodicalId":301771,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117188643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Cosmological theories before and without einstein 爱因斯坦之前和之后的宇宙学理论
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology Pub Date : 2019-03-13 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.1
H. Kragh
{"title":"Cosmological theories before and without einstein","authors":"H. Kragh","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.1","url":null,"abstract":"Although modern cosmology is essentially a twentieth-century science, its birth can reasonably be traced back to discussions about the universe in the previous century. With the emergence of astrophysics in the 1860s astronomy was substantially changed and the material content of the universe became an issue of science. At about the same time thermodynamics was applied to the universe at large, with the result that the beginning and end of the universe entered astronomical thought. Moreover, it became slowly realized that space can be described as curved rather than flat. In that case it would be possible to speak about a finite and yet unbounded universe and in this way to solve some of the problems associated with the traditional view of an infinite number of stars. These and other problems were only fully understood in the twentieth century, but they were discussed before Einstein revolutionized cosmology.","PeriodicalId":301771,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115258793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The cosmic microwave background: from discovery to precision cosmology 宇宙微波背景:从发现到精确宇宙学
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology Pub Date : 2019-03-13 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.8
R. B. Partridge
{"title":"The cosmic microwave background: from discovery to precision cosmology","authors":"R. B. Partridge","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.8","url":null,"abstract":"Observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) form the basis for modern ‘precision cosmology’. This chapter treats the discovery of a ≈3 K microwave background and the demonstration of its cosmic origin. Key observational results, up to and including the results from the COBE mission, follow. The major impact of the CMB comes from measurements of the power spectra of fluctuations in the temperature and polarization. The chapter ends with results derived from the power spectra obtained by the Planck mission, including values for the baryon, dark matter, and dark energy densities; the curvature of space; and the expansion rate of the Universe.","PeriodicalId":301771,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128125694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Steady-State theory and the cosmological controversy 稳态理论与宇宙学之争
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology Pub Date : 2019-03-13 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.5
H. Kragh
{"title":"Steady-State theory and the cosmological controversy","authors":"H. Kragh","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.5","url":null,"abstract":"The presently accepted big-bang model of the universe emerged during the period 1930-1970, following a road that was anything but smooth. By 1950 the essential features of the big-bang theory were established by George Gamow and his collaborators, and yet the theory failed to win recognition. A major reason was that the big-bang picture of the evolving universe was challenged by the radically different picture of a steady-state universe favoured by Fred Hoyle and others. By the late 1950s there was no convincing reason to adopt one theory over the other. Out of the epic controversy between the two incompatible world models arose our modern view of the universe. Although the classical steady-state model was abandoned in the mid-1960s, attempts to modify it can be followed up to the present.","PeriodicalId":301771,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132663268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Observational and astrophysical cosmology: 1940–1980 观测和天体物理宇宙学:1940-1980
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology Pub Date : 2019-03-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198817666.013.6
M. Longair
{"title":"Observational and astrophysical cosmology: 1940–1980","authors":"M. Longair","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198817666.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198817666.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"Following the pioneering studies of galaxies and the universe during the pre-Second World War years, the period 1940-1980 saw the consolidation of the observational and theoretical basis of geometrical and astrophysical cosmology. By the early 1950s, the cosmological time-scale problem had been resolved by Baade’s recalibration of the Cepheid distance scale, but new disputes arose about the best estimate of Hubble’s constant, the value of the deceleration parameter and the presence or otherwise of the cosmological constant in the cosmological field equations. The evolution of the contents of the universe was established by radio astronomical observations of active galaxies and, most spectacularly, by the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The latter enabled the problems of the origin of galaxies and large scale structures in the universe to be placed on a secure physical basis, but many issues remained unresolved, including the dark matter problem.","PeriodicalId":301771,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116751027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Observations and the universe 观测与宇宙
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology Pub Date : 2019-03-13 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198817666.013.2
Robert W. Smith
{"title":"Observations and the universe","authors":"Robert W. Smith","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198817666.013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198817666.013.2","url":null,"abstract":"The first detailed and extensive studies of nebulae were made by William and Caroline Herschel in the late eighteenth century. These researches led to wide-ranging debates on the nature of these objects: are they truly clouds of nebulous material or are they perhaps distant star systems? By the end of the nineteenth century, astronomers generally agreed that nebulae are either within or closely linked to our own stellar system, and that no galaxies beyond our own Galaxy had been sighted, even in the largest telescopes. But early in the twentieth century, astronomers managed to fashion novel ways to determine the distances to a class of nebulae known as spiral nebulae. With the aid of these distance indicators, the spiral nebulae were transformed into galaxies of stars. Modern extragalactic cosmology thereby came into being in the first few decades of the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":301771,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115695447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Stranger things: multiverse, string cosmology, physical eschatology 更奇怪的东西:多元宇宙，弦宇宙论，物理末世论
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology Pub Date : 2019-03-13 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.12
M. Ćirković
{"title":"Stranger things: multiverse, string cosmology, physical eschatology","authors":"M. Ćirković","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.12","url":null,"abstract":"The period (roughly) 1990-today is characterized by a big watershed and branching of cosmology into multiple and hitherto unexpected directions. On one side, the generic chaotic/eternal inflation has provided physical grounds for rather wild speculative ideas about the multiverse: the possibly infinite set of cosmological domains (‘universes’). In order to determine how observed features of our universe are (im)probable in the multiverse context requires application of anthropic reasoning which is still controversial in many circles. On the other side, we encounter applications of other speculative physical theories, like the string/M-theory to cosmology, resulting in unusual hypotheses like those of the pre-Big Bang cosmologies. In this period we have also witnessed the birth of physical eschatology as the true ‘cosmology of the future’. This chapter will attempt a survey of these and related developments, with necessary qualifications which accompany any ongoing, evolving research activity.","PeriodicalId":301771,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology","volume":"358 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115942504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Philosophical aspects of cosmology 宇宙学的哲学方面
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology Pub Date : 2019-03-13 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.13
C. Smeenk
{"title":"Philosophical aspects of cosmology","authors":"C. Smeenk","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.13","url":null,"abstract":"The development of cosmological theories has been accompanied by philosophical debates inspired by the contrasts between cosmology and other areas of physics. This chapter reviews aspects of these debates from a historical perspective, beginning with debates about whether the uniqueness of the universe implies that cosmology needs a distinctive methodology. Underdetermination of theory by the evidence is particularly challenging due to horizons and inaccessible physics. Theories of the ‘origin’ of the universe do not have the same structure as other physical theories. Recent debates have focused on how to evaluate theories that predict a multiverse, in particular regarding the significance of fine-tuning and how to conduct anthropic reasoning.","PeriodicalId":301771,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122417043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Observational and astrophysical cosmology: 1980–2018 观测和天体物理宇宙学:1980-2018
The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology Pub Date : 2019-03-13 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.10
M. Longair
{"title":"Observational and astrophysical cosmology: 1980–2018","authors":"M. Longair","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198817666.013.10","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1980, our empirical knowledge of the universe has advanced tremendously and precision cosmology has become a reality. These developments have been largely technology-driven, the result of increased computer power, new generations of telescopes for all wavebands, new types of semiconductor detectors, such as CCDs, and major investments by many nations in superb observing facilities. The discipline also benefitted from the influx of experimental and theoretical physicists into the cosmological arena. The accuracy and reliability of the values of the cosmological parameters has improved dramatically, many of them now being known to about 1%. The ΛCDM model provides a remarkable fit to all the observational data, demonstrating that the cosmological constant is non-zero and that the global geometry of the universe is flat. The underlying physics of galaxy and large-scale structure formation has advanced dramatically and demonstrated the key roles played by dark matter and dark energy.","PeriodicalId":301771,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the History of Modern Cosmology","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114821325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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