Social Responsibility in Production & Supply Chain Management eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Measuring Environmental Efficiency: Critical Issues and Solutions","authors":"Chien-Ming Chen","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2151675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2151675","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reveals the unintended consequences of the two most widely cited and classical models for measuring environmental efficiency --- the hyperbolic efficiency model (HEM) and directional distance function (DDF). We prove the existence of three main problems: (1) these two models are not monotonic in undesirable outputs (i.e., a firm's efficiency may increase when polluting more, and vice versa), (2) strongly dominated firms may appear efficient, and (3) some firms' environmental efficiency scores may be computed against strongly dominated points. To address these problems, we propose a weighted additive model. We use the supply-chain carbon emission data from the 50 largest publicly traded U.S. manufacturing companies to compare the existing models with our model. The empirical results corroborate our analytical findings that these two classical models may generate spurious efficiency estimates and must be used with extreme caution, and that our model provides reliable estimates of environmental efficiencies.","PeriodicalId":301337,"journal":{"name":"Social Responsibility in Production & Supply Chain Management eJournal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121100374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Streamline Fertilizer Distribution Network","authors":"Varma","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2304521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2304521","url":null,"abstract":"The fully transparent system of fertilizer production and its distribution network will surely stop the black marketing, stencilling, diversion, smuggling and misappropriation of subsidy by fertilizer manufacturers or importers and the dealers. Streamlining the fertilizer distribution network will help farmers in getting sufficient quantity of fertilizers at right time and at right price.","PeriodicalId":301337,"journal":{"name":"Social Responsibility in Production & Supply Chain Management eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115108056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oil Price Drivers and Movements: The Challenge for Future Research","authors":"H. Huntington, S. Al-Fattah, Zhuo Huang, Michael Gucwa, A. Nouri","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2257675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2257675","url":null,"abstract":"The complexity of the world oil market has increased dramatically in recent years and new approaches are needed to understand, model, and forecast oil prices today. In addition to the commencement of the financialization era in oil markets, there have been structural changes in the global oil market. Financial instruments are communicating information about future conditions much more rapidly than in the past. Prices from long and short duration contracts have started moving more together. Sudden supply and demand adjustments, such as the financial crisis of 2008-2009, faster Chinese economic growth, the Libyan uprising, the Iranian Nuclear standstill or the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, change expectations and current prices. Although volatility appears greater, financialization makes price discovery more robust. Most empirical economic studies suggest that fundamental values shaped expectations over 2004-2008, although financial bubbles may have emerged just prior to and during the summer of 2008. With increased price volatility, major exporters are considering ways and means to achieve more price stability to improve long-term production and consumption decisions. Managing excess capacity has historically been an important method for keeping world crude oil prices stable during periods of sharp demand or supply shifts. Building and maintaining excess capacity in current markets allow greater price stability when Asian economic growth suddenly accelerates or during periods of supply uncertainty in major producing regions. OPEC can contribute to price stability more easily when members agree on the best use of oil production capacity.Important structural changes have emerged in the global oil market after major price increases. Partially motivated by government policies major improvements in energy and oil efficiencies occurred after the oil price increases of the early and the late 70s such as the improved vehicle fuel efficiency, building codes, power grids and systems etc. On the supply side, seismic imaging and horizontal drilling as well as favorable tax regimes expanded production capacity in countries outside OPEC. After the oil price increases of 2004-2008, investments in oil sands, deep water, biofuels and other non-conventional sources accelerated. Recent improvements in shale gas production could well be transferred to oil-producing activities, resulting in expanded oil supplies in areas recently considered prohibitively expensive. The search for alternative transportation fuels continues with expanded research into compressed natural gas, biofuels, diesel made from natural gas, and electric vehicles.Still some aspects of the world oil market are not well understood. Despite numerous attempts to model the behavior of OPEC or its members, there exists no credible, verifiable theory about the behavior of the 50 years old organization. OPEC has not consistently acted like a monolithic cartel, constraining supplies to raise prices. Empiric","PeriodicalId":301337,"journal":{"name":"Social Responsibility in Production & Supply Chain Management eJournal","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128380088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does It Pay or Does Firm Pay? The Relation between CSR Performance and the Cost of Debt","authors":"M. Izzo, Barbara Sveva Magnanelli","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1986131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1986131","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the link between corporate social performance and cost of debt financing. The literature on the determinants of the cost of debt generally documents a negative association between measures of the risk of the firm and its cost of debt. The literature on Corporate Social Responsibility, instead, presents risk reduction as one of the potential benefits related to these investments. Thanks to that effect, therefore, an efficient market should recognize a ‘ethical financial premium’ to socially responsible firms, corresponding to a less cost of debt financing.In order to test this hypothesis, the developed model investigates the relation between firms’ CSR performance (measured through the SAM index*) and their cost of debt. Potentially confounding factors such as industry, size and time lag effects were also analyzed. Employing a unique data set of 332 firms over a time period of five years (1641 observations) we find some evidence that there is no ‘ethical financial premium’ for improved corporate social responsibility in term of cost of debt applied by banks and financial institutions to the company. Instead, the results document a positive relation between the CSR performance proxy and the cost of debt, demonstrating that CSR is not considered a value driver with an impact on the firm’s risk profile, but a sort of waste of resources that can negatively affect the performance of the firm, independently from the country in which the firm operates.","PeriodicalId":301337,"journal":{"name":"Social Responsibility in Production & Supply Chain Management eJournal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128384051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Creating Supply Chains of Opportunity: Profile #4 How International Standards Can Increase Global Economic Inclusion","authors":"Philip E. Auerswald, Christopher White","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2397427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2397427","url":null,"abstract":"Among the drivers of beneficial trade, international standards are at once among the most important and the least appreciated. Among the drivers of beneficial trade, international standards are at once among the most important and the least appreciated.Standards of a company-specific variety also underlie routines of production that are the essence of global supply chains. From the sourcing of raw materials to the marketing of final goods, contracts between buyers and suppliers depend on clear communication of expectations and specifications, all facilitated by standards.","PeriodicalId":301337,"journal":{"name":"Social Responsibility in Production & Supply Chain Management eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127230567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to Rectify Unfair Trade Practices and to Establish Appropriate Supply Chains and Better Business Culture Under the Global Market Economy","authors":"Tsugio Ide","doi":"10.1111/J.1468-0106.2009.00475.X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1468-0106.2009.00475.X","url":null,"abstract":"Banning unfair trade practices stands alongside private monopolization and the unjust restraint of trade as a key theme in competition policy. However, it poses much greater difficulties to deal with the matter than either private monopolization or unjust restraint of trade. In recent years, ongoing economic globalization, advances in information communication technology and other factors have wrought major changes in the traditional supply chain: for example, in subcontracting structure. Given the role of small and medium enterprises in underpinning economic growth, lifting the basic quality and performance level of these firms and improving business conditions for them have emerged as key policy themes. New efforts are needed to establish fair trade as a business practice and to create a new business culture in corporation with competition policy, small and medium enterprise policy and business ethics, such as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices.","PeriodicalId":301337,"journal":{"name":"Social Responsibility in Production & Supply Chain Management eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124433700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing Authorities and New Accountability in the World Trade Organization: Addressing a Research Gap","authors":"Manfred Elsig","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1048641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1048641","url":null,"abstract":"The global economy is undergoing significant changes. Many (re-)emerging economies (especially in South East Asia) have seen spectacular growth rates over the past few years, new markets have been created and global production chains have diversified and expanded. I argue in this paper that new powerful actors represent a challenge for global regulatory politics. In particular related to international organizations, the international relations literature has not paid sufficient attention to the role and impact of emerging developing countries (changing authorities) and how the system accommodates these new powerful voices. The paper suggests a more systematic analysis in addressing implications for intergovernmental organizations (here the WTO) resulting from emerging powers inspired by an exit-voice-loyalty perspective (Hirschman 1970). The second part of the paper takes up the emerging discourse(s) on accountability in relation to the new titans in the global economy.","PeriodicalId":301337,"journal":{"name":"Social Responsibility in Production & Supply Chain Management eJournal","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124105708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy Alarmism: The Myths that Make Americans Worry about Oil (PA 589)","authors":"Daryl G. Press, E. Gholz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.999649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.999649","url":null,"abstract":"Many Americans have lost confidence in their country's energy security over the past several years. Because the United States is a net oil importer, and a substantial one at that, concerns about energy security naturally raise foreign policy questions. Some foreign policy analysts fear that dwindling global oil reserves are increasingly concentrated in politically unstable regions, while others allege that China is pursuing a strategy to lock up the world's remaining oil supplies through long-term purchase agreements and aggressive diplomacy. Many analysts suggest that even the normal political disruptions that occasionally occur in oil-producing regions (e.g., occasional wars and revolutions) hurt Americans by disrupting supply and creating price spikes. We argue that each of those fears about oil supplies is exaggerated, and none should be a focus of U.S. foreign or military policy. Our overarching message is simply that market forces, modified by the cartel behavior of OPEC, determine most of the key factors that affect oil supply and prices. The United States does not need to be militarily active or confrontational to allow the oil market to function, to allow oil to get to consumers, or to ensure access in coming decades.","PeriodicalId":301337,"journal":{"name":"Social Responsibility in Production & Supply Chain Management eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124694212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Regulation in the Indian Manufacturing Industries: Production vs. Quality","authors":"Aditi Jamalpuria","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2362782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2362782","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the impact of environmental regulation on the production and the quality status of manufacturing industries across Indian states in order to discern the effect of environmental regulation on the competitiveness of the industries across Indian states. Using Ordinary Least Squares, first the impact of investment in pollution control and status of environmental regulation on the production of manufacturing across Indian states is checked, thereafter, impact of these variables on the acquisition of quality status certification by the manufacturing units is checked. The results reveal that investment in pollution control negatively affects the production of manufacturing but positively contributes to the acquisition of quality status certification by the manufacturing units in the states. Moreover, states with effective environmental regulation status perform better on both the production and the quality status front. The results indicate that if there is a demand for high quality manufacturing product then the states with effective environmental regulation have a sustainable competitive edge over the states with ineffective environmental regulation.","PeriodicalId":301337,"journal":{"name":"Social Responsibility in Production & Supply Chain Management eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124419856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollution Havens and Industrial Agglomeration","authors":"Dao‐Zhi Zeng, Lex Zhao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.993003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.993003","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the pollution haven hypothesis using a spatial-economy model of two countries and two sectors. The manufacturing sector generates cross-border pollution which reduces cross-sectoral productivity of agricultural goods, and lowers local income. We derive a demand-reducing effect that discourages firms to move to the country with laxer environmental regulations, in the absence of any comparative advantage. Our analysis also demonstrates that manufacturing agglomeration forces can alleviate the pollution-haven effect: a pollution haven may not arise if environmental regulation is slightly more stringent in the larger country.","PeriodicalId":301337,"journal":{"name":"Social Responsibility in Production & Supply Chain Management eJournal","volume":"371 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122720901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}