World Bank Publications最新文献

{"title":"A Glass Half Full: The Promise of Regional Trade in South Asia","authors":"S. Kathuria","doi":"10.1596/978-1-4648-1294-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1294-1","url":null,"abstract":"Trade has played a critical role in global poverty reduction. In harnessing the potential of trade, some of the most successful countries have developed strong trade relationships with their neighbors. However, many South Asian countries have trade regimes that often offset the positive impact of geography and proximity. The report documents systematically the gaps between current and potential trade in South Asia and addresses important specific barriers that have held trade back. These barriers include tariffs and paratariffs, real and perceived nontariff barriers, connectivity costs, and the broader trust deficit. This policy-focused report unpacks these critical barriers to effective trade integration in South Asia through four in-depth studies that produce new, detailed, on-the-ground knowledge. Three of the studies are based on extensive stakeholder consultations. Two also rely on tailored surveys. The fourth study, on tariffs, benefits from new data on paratariffs. The report also marshals new evidence showing how trading regimes in South Asia discriminate against each other. Given the South Asian context, incremental, yet concrete steps aimed at tapping the potential of deeper integration are appropriate. The report has been drafted in this spirit. It offers precise, actionable policy recommendations that could help achieve measurable progress in key areas of trade and integration that would be to the advantage of all countries in the region.","PeriodicalId":300390,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Publications","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129086126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The WEB of Transport Corridors in South Asia","authors":"Ukaid, Jica","doi":"10.1596/978-1-4648-1215-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1215-6","url":null,"abstract":"This book develops a holistic appraisal methodology to ensure that economic benefits of investments in transport corridors are amplified and more widely spread, and possible negative impacts such as congestion, environmental degradation, and other unintended consequences are minimized. It focuses on South Asia—not only as one of the world’s most populous and poorest regions—but as a hinge between East Asia, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. The book is aimed at politicians, technocrats, civil society organizations, and businesses. It presents case studies of past and recent corridor initiatives, provides rigorous analysis of the literature on the spatial impact of corridors, and offers assessments of corridor investment projects supported by international development organizations. A series of spotlights examines such issues as private sector co-investment; the impacts of corridors on small enterprises and women; and issues with implementing cross-border corridors. The 'WEB' in the title stands for both the wider economic benefits (WEB) that transport corridors are expected to generate and the complex web of transport corridors that has been proposed. The appraisal methodology introduced in this book shows how the web of interconnected elements around corridors can be disentangled and the most promising corridor proposals—the ones with the greatest wider economic benefits—can be selected.","PeriodicalId":300390,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Publications","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130593868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skills and Jobs in Brazil: An Agenda for Youth","authors":"Rita Almeida, Truman G. Packard","doi":"10.1596/978-1-4648-1293-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1293-4","url":null,"abstract":"Skills and Jobs in Brazil: An Agenda for Youth is a new World Bank book focusing on the challenge of economic engagement among Brazil’s youth. In the context of a rapidly aging population, Brazil’s greatest economic opportunity is to increase its labor productivity, especially that of its youth. This book documents important new facts about the extent of the youth economic disengagement, while at school and at work. Today, close to half of Brazil’s population ages 15–29 years old, is not fully engaged economically. Either they are not working or studying, studying in mediocre schools, or working in informal and unstable jobs. This book shows how the youth prospects in the labor market are dimmed by existing policies that favor existing workers over entrants. In addition, it shows how youth are often ill-equipped to meet anincreasingly challenging labor market. Skills and Jobs in Brazil offersurgently needed ideas to improve education, job skills, and employment policies that will address the last wave of Brazil’s demographic transition.Included is an in-depth discussion about policies aimed at increasing learning and reducing dropout rates in upper secondary education, andlabor market policies that facilitate quicker and more effective youth transitions from school to work.","PeriodicalId":300390,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Publications","volume":"426 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115931168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative Paths to Public Financial Management and Public Sector Reform: Experiences from East Asia","authors":"S. So, M. Woolcock, L. April, C. Hughes, N. Smithers","doi":"10.1596/978-1-4648-1316-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1316-0","url":null,"abstract":"Reforming public-sector organizations, their structures, policies, processes and practices—is notoriously difficult, in rich and poor countries alike (Grindle and Thomas 1991; World Bank 2012). Even in the most favorable of circumstances, the scale and complexity of the tasks to be undertaken are enormous, requiring levels of coordination and collaboration that may be without precedent for those involved. Entirely new skills—for example, learning to use sophisticated software, may need to be acquired by tens of thousands of people. Such reformsare often premised on the need to “modernize” prevailing administrative systems, with the long-run payoff being enhanced efficiency and effectiveness in the collection, management and allocation of public resources, all in pursuit of top-priority national strategy objectives. But these payoffs may take many years to fully materialize, requiring sustained commitments from senior officials as setbacks, delays and confusion threaten to sap morale and momentum. High turnover, competing distractions and inherent uncertainty can compromise the necessary focus. As such, a central focus of the processes discussed in the cases is to highlight innovative decision-making and implementation strategies on the part of those responsible for leading the reforms—certainly in the country context itself, where the political and bureaucratic space for deviating from standard approaches is often considerably constrained. In such circumstance, being ‘innovative’ means by definition, not holding unwaveringly to predetermined plans and not insistently using standard techniques in standard ways. As such, the primary purpose in presenting these cases is to document how the space (more formally, the authorizing environment) for innovative reform strategies was created and sustained, how and through whom such space was implemented, and how emergent implementation challenges were addressed. Importantly, the approaches deployed in these cases, and the conclusions authors derive from them, are not presented as a new list of universal ‘best practices’ that those undertaking similar reforms should now adopt, but rather as ideas and inspiration that they might consider. In other words, they are cases of how ‘best fit’ strategies in combination with ‘best practice’ approaches were crafted and implemented, of how general principles became specific applications in particular places in response to idiosyncratic problems.","PeriodicalId":300390,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Publications","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121026014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring the effectiveness of social protection : concepts and applications","authors":"Ruslan G. Yemtsov, Maddalena Honorati, Brooks Evans, Z. Sajaia, Michael Lokshin","doi":"10.1596/978-1-4648-1090-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1090-9","url":null,"abstract":"This book provides users an understanding of key social protection concepts and measurement metrics and introduces them to the ADePT SP software, which is used to conduct social protection performance analysis. It presents the main concepts of social protection, including the typology of programs and their objectives. Because these objectives often include poverty and inequality, the concepts of poverty and inequality are also discussed in relation to social protection with the appropriate reference to the ADePT Poverty and Inequality software and book (Foster and others 2013). This manual describes methodologies for assessing social protection and discusses how measurement metrics, such as the poverty impact, require understanding the underlying mechanisms and often use multiple indicators. Attention is therefore given to a holistic approach of analysis so that the relationship between indicators can be better understood, as well as ways to use this analysis to improve policies and programs to maximize outcomes. This book is arranged as follows: Following Introduction, Chapters 2 and 3 guide the reader to a deeper comprehension of the main concepts and the methods for measurement; and Chapters 4 and 5 then explain how to generate and interpret the indicators and extrapolate the possible implications for social protection policy and particular programs.","PeriodicalId":300390,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Publications","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122190642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Raising the Bar for Productive Cities in Latin America and the Caribbean","authors":"M. Ferreyra, M. Roberts","doi":"10.1596/978-1-4648-1258-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1258-3","url":null,"abstract":"With more than 70 percent of its population living in cities, Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is among the most urbanized regions in the world. Yet, although its cities are, on average, more productive than those elsewhere in the world, their productivity lags that of North American and Western European cities. Closing this gap provides LAC with the opportunity to raise living standards and join the ranks of the world’s richest countries. Raising the Bar: Cities and Productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean is about the productivity of cities in LAC and the factors that help to explain its determination. Based on original empirical research, the report documents the high levels of population density and other features of LAC cities that mark them out from those in the rest of the world. The report also studies the role of three key factors – urban form, skills, and access to markets – in determining the productivity of LAC cities. It shows that while excessive congestion forces and inadequate metropolitan coordination seem to be stifling the benefits of agglomeration, LAC cities benefit from strong human capital externalities. It also finds that, within individual LAC countries, cities are poorly integrated with one another, which contributes to large differences in performance across cities and undermines their aggregate contribution to productivity at the national level.","PeriodicalId":300390,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Publications","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115341823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Analysis of Liberia’s Transport Connectivity and Potential Growth","authors":"Atsushi Iimi, K. Rao","doi":"10.1596/978-1-4648-1286-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1286-6","url":null,"abstract":"Liberia has been influenced by the Ebola crisis since 2014, but the economy is now recovering quickly. Still, significant challenges lie ahead: Agriculture, an important sector employing approximately half of the labor force, still has a weak growth trajectory. Many rural people are not well connected to markets and live below the poverty line. To use limited resources effectively, strategic planning and prioritization of public investment are essential. Particularly, the Ebola crisis revealed the vulnerability of the country’s transport connectivity and health systems. Spatial Analysis of Liberia’s Transport Connectivity and Potential Growth analyzes the country’s transport connectivity, identifying the existing bottlenecks and possible economic potentials. By taking advantage of the country’s first-ever geo-referenced road network data, the analysis casts light on various aspects of connectivity, such as rural accessibility, market access, access to port and health facilities, and multi-modal connectivity, including cabotage. It is shown that transport connectivity is crucial to increase agricultural production, stimulate agglomeration economies, and support people’s access to healthcare services. Significant resources are likely to be required to meet the existing gap. Spatial Analysis of Liberia’s Transport Connectivity and Potential Growth estimates the financial needs by development objective and discusses important policy issues, including the possibility of public and private partnerships to finance transport infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":300390,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Publications","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129801568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating Drought Impacts in Drylands","authors":"F. Carfagna, Raffaello Cervigni","doi":"10.1596/978-1-4648-1226-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1226-2","url":null,"abstract":"Drylands account for three-quarters of Sub-Saharan Africa's cropland, two-thirds of cereal production, and four-fifths of livestock holdings. Today frequent and severe shocks, especially droughts, limit the livelihood opportunities available to millions of households and undermine efforts to eradicate poverty in the drylands. Prospects for sustainable development of drylands are assessed in this book through the lens of resilience, understood here to mean the ability of people to withstand and respond to droughts and other shocks. An original model was developed expressly to consistently and coherently evaluate different type of interventions on the ground, which provided a common framework to anticipate the scale of the challenges likely to arise in drylands, as well as to generate insights into opportunities for addressing those challenges. Such modeling framework consisted in a) estimating the baseline vulnerability profiles of people living in drylands (2010), b) estimate the evolution of vulnerability by 2030 under a range of assumptions, c) calculated the number of people affectedby drought in the different administrative units of each country, and d) evaluate different types of interventions in agriculture and livestock for mitigating drought impact by calculating the potential for reducing the number of people affected for each scenario and conducting a simplified · benefit/cost (B/C) analysis for each type of intervention. For livestock, simulation models were used to estimate the impacts of feed balances, livestock production, and household income resilience interventions under different climate scenarios). For agriculture, the DSSAT (Decision Support System for·Agrotechnology Transfer) framework was used to assess the potential impact on yields likely to result from adoption of five crop farming technologies: (1) drought-tolerant varieties, (2) heat-tolerant varieties, (3) additional fertilizer, (4) agroforestry practices, (S) irrigation (6) water-harvesting techniques and selected combinations thereof.","PeriodicalId":300390,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Publications","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134641103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future of Food","authors":"R. Townsend, Rui Benfica, Ashesh Prasann, Maria Lee","doi":"10.1596/29686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/29686","url":null,"abstract":"Shaping the Food System to Deliver Jobs is the fourth paper in a series on The Future of Food. This paper focuses on how the food system can deliver jobs. It provides a framework for understanding the factors determining the number and quality of jobs in the food system, including inclusion of women and youth. It highlights a set of actions that countries can adopt, adapt, and apply to their own circumstances to enhance the food system’s contribution to jobs. The food system extends beyond farm production to include food storage, processing, distribution, transport, retailing, restaurants and other services. The paper finds that the food system employs the most people in many developing countries in both self and wage employment, and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. In many countries the off-farm aspect of the food system accounts for a large share of the economy’s manufacturing and services sectors. While the employment share in farming tends to decline as per capita incomes rise, the share in food manufacturing and services tends to increase. Urbanization and per capita income growth offers significant new opportunities in non-cereal products and in new jobs in the food system beyond the farm.","PeriodicalId":300390,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Publications","volume":"PP 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126562591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Challenge of Agricultural Pollution","authors":"E. Cassou, S. Jaffee, Jiang Ru","doi":"10.1596/978-1-4648-1201-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1201-9","url":null,"abstract":"In emerging East Asia, agricultural output has expanded dramatically over recent decades, primarily as a result of successful efforts to stimulate yield growth. This achievement has increased the availability of food and raw materials in the region, drastically diminished hunger, and more generally provided solid ground for economic development. The intensification of agriculture that has made this possible, however, has also led to serious pollution problems that have adversely affected human and ecosystem health, as well as the productivity of agriculture itself. In the region that currently owes the largest proportion of deaths to the environment, agriculture is often portrayed as a victim of industrial and urban pollution, and this is indeed the case. Yet agriculture is taking a growing toll on economic resources and sometimes becoming a victim of its own success. In parts of China, Vietnam, and the Philippines—the countries studied in The Challenge of Agricultural Pollution—this pattern of highly productive yet highly polluting agriculture has been unfolding with consequences that remain poorly understood. With large numbers of pollutants and sources, agricultural pollution is often undetected and unmeasured. When assessments do occur, they tend to take place within technical silos, and so the different ecological and socioeconomic risks are seldom considered as a whole, while some escape study entirely. However, when agricultural pollution is considered in its entirety, both the significance of its impacts and the relative neglect of them become clear. Meanwhile, growing recognition that a “pollute now, treat later” approach is unsustainable—from both a human health and an agroindustry perspective—has led public and private sector actors to seek solutions to this problem. Yet public intervention has tended to be more reactive than preventive and often inadequate in scale. In some instances, the implementation of sound pollution control programs has also been confronted with incentive structures that do not rank environmental outcomes prominently. Significant potential does exist, however, to reduce the footprint of farms through existing technical solutions, and with adequate and well-crafted government support, its realization is well within reach.","PeriodicalId":300390,"journal":{"name":"World Bank Publications","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125746157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}