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The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age最新文献

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The Eastern Baltic 东波罗的海
The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age Pub Date : 2018-03-07 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.28
V. Lang
{"title":"The Eastern Baltic","authors":"V. Lang","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.28","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines Iron Age funerary and domestic archaeological sites, and economic and cultural developments from c.500 BC–AD 550/600, in the east Baltic region (present day Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania). While the early pre-Roman Iron Age was to some extent a continuation of the late Bronze Age in material culture terms, many changes took place in the late pre-Roman Iron Age. At the change of era, new cultural trends spread over the east Baltic region, from the south-eastern shore of the Baltic to south-west Finland, which produced a remarkable unification of material culture over this entire region up to the Migration period. Differences in burial practices and ceramics, however, indicate the existence of two distinct ethnic groups, Proto-Finnic in the northern part of the region and Proto-Baltic to the south. Subsistence was based principally on agriculture and stock rearing, with minor variations in the economic orientation of different areas.","PeriodicalId":299652,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age","volume":"688 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122980153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Iberian Peninsula 伊比利亚半岛
The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age Pub Date : 2018-03-07 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.2
Xosé-Lois Armada, Ignacio Grau-Mira
{"title":"The Iberian Peninsula","authors":"Xosé-Lois Armada, Ignacio Grau-Mira","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.2","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview of the Iron Age across the Iberian Peninsula, transcending the division between ‘Celtic/Indo-European’ and ‘Iberian/non-Indo-European’ areas which has characterized previous research. This division arose largely from diffusionist thinking that considered cultural development to be dependent on western European or Mediterranean influences respectively, and linked to historical processes led by the great Mediterranean civilizations (Orientalization, Phoenician, and Greek colonization). The chapter begins with an outline of the history of research, the geographical context, and the main types of periodization in use. It then offers a summary of the archaeological record employing a framework of ten regions, beginning with the north-west and ending with the north-east. The final section considers the main subjects of current research into the Iron Age on the Iberian Peninsula (ways of life, the economy, complexity, identity, ritual, and cultural expression).","PeriodicalId":299652,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117056139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Edges and interactions beyond Europe 欧洲以外的边缘和互动
The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age Pub Date : 2018-03-07 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.38
P. Wells, N. Sweeney
{"title":"Edges and interactions beyond Europe","authors":"P. Wells, N. Sweeney","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.38","url":null,"abstract":"Iron Age Europe, once studied as a relatively closed, coherent continent, is being seen increasingly as a dynamic part of the much larger, interconnected world. Interactions, direct and indirect, with communities in Asia, Africa, and, by the end of the first millennium AD, North America, had significant effects on the peoples of Iron Age Europe. In the Near East and Egypt, and much later in the North Atlantic, the interactions can be linked directly to historically documented peoples and their rulers, while in temperate Europe the evidence is exclusively archaeological until the very end of the prehistoric Iron Age. The evidence attests to often long-distance interactions and their effects in regard to the movement of peoples, and the introduction into Europe of raw materials, crafted objects, styles, motifs, and cultural practices, as well as the ideas that accompanied them.","PeriodicalId":299652,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126795150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Feasting and commensal rituals 宴会和共生仪式
The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age Pub Date : 2018-03-07 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.27
Jody Joy
{"title":"Feasting and commensal rituals","authors":"Jody Joy","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.27","url":null,"abstract":"Feasting was an important means of social communication in Iron Age Europe and has been described as a kind of social glue—creating and recreating society by bringing people together to mark important events and ceremonies, through the communal consumption of large quantities of food and drink. This chapter examines the archaeological and literary evidence for Iron Age feasting, focusing in particular on the various social roles of the feast and the often elaborate material culture involved. A picture is built up of the varied types of feast that took place, and the types of food and drink that were consumed at them.","PeriodicalId":299652,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129251781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Northern Greece and the central Balkans 希腊北部和巴尔干半岛中部
The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age Pub Date : 2018-03-07 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.42
Stefanos Gimatzidis
{"title":"Northern Greece and the central Balkans","authors":"Stefanos Gimatzidis","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.42","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter deals with the cultural and social history of an area encompassing ancient Epirus, Illyria, Macedonia, and Thrace. In the past, these historical landscapes were usually perceived as cultural or ethnic entities, and were used as arguments for past and modern ethnogenesis in the Balkans. The material culture of single micro-regions shows that these landscapes are culturally neither homogeneous nor consistent, and instead show an impressive diversity in settlement patterns, mortuary ideology, and other cultural attributes. Indeed, cultural affinities between micro-regions of different historical landscapes further challenge perceptions of ethnicity and other forms of social identity as reflecting cultural variability. Conceptualization of northern Greece and the central Balkans as a buffer zone between the Aegean world and continental Europe is another bias that reduces local social agents to recipients of cultural innovation from north and especially south, and overlooks the dynamic processes inherent in local social transformations.","PeriodicalId":299652,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116940570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Eastern central Europe 东欧和中欧
The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age Pub Date : 2018-03-07 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.41
W. Nowakowski
{"title":"Eastern central Europe","authors":"W. Nowakowski","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.41","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines Iron Age cultural developments and population movements in the zone centred on the Oder and Vistula basins. Throughout the period, demand for Baltic amber promoted contacts with other parts of Europe, first seen in Italian imports and Hallstatt influences in the Lusatian culture. Much archaeological evidence for the various regional cultures is funerary (predominantly cremation cemeteries), allowing changes in social system to be discerned. After c.500 BC, increasing La Tène influence is apparent, with some areas experiencing Celtic settlement. In the Roman Iron Age, high-status burials along the ‘amber road’and prestige Roman goods indicate the emergence of a more hierarchical society, and ironworking reached near-industrial levels in the Holy Cross mountains. The chapter concludes by examining links between the archaeological record and documented population movements of the Migration period; the Wielbark culture of the lower Vistula region can be equated with the Goths.","PeriodicalId":299652,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117322737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Art on the northern edge of the Mediterranean world 地中海世界北端的艺术
The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age Pub Date : 2018-03-07 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696826.013.19
M. Guggisberg
{"title":"Art on the northern edge of the Mediterranean world","authors":"M. Guggisberg","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696826.013.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696826.013.19","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the relationship between art and society in Iron Age Europe, with a focus on Celtic art. It begins by asking what constituted ‘art’ in this context, what was its purpose, and why did Celtic craftworkers and their patrons develop a taste for entirely new ‘artistic’ expressions? The art of the Hallstatt and La Tène periods, external influences on its development across Europe, and regional expressions are then analysed. Initially decorative art was essentially confined to objects of metal and stone, and most artworks belonged to the categories of personal ornaments and weaponry, bronze vessels for the consumption of alcohol, and chariot equipment. This contrasts with the more widespread use of ‘art’ in the contemporary Mediterranean world. In the later La Tène period, the range of decorated objects grew to include painted vases and monumental wooden sculpture.","PeriodicalId":299652,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121497280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Wealth, status, and occupation groups 财富、地位和职业群体
The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age Pub Date : 2018-03-07 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.34
T. Moore
{"title":"Wealth, status, and occupation groups","authors":"T. Moore","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780199696826.013.34","url":null,"abstract":"Exploring the nature of status and the role of individuals in society is central to understanding social organization. This chapter critically examines current models of how wealth and status were expressed and maintained in Iron Age Europe, and considers evidence for the existence of occupation groups, classes, and specialists. Topics examined include links between status and display of wealth in votive deposition and richly adorned burials, the roles of feasting, conspicuous consumption, and monumentality, and how these may reflect hierarchical or heterarchical forms of social organization. The period saw increasing evidence for specialist roles in spheres such as craftworking, production, mining, and exchange, as well as in ritual and warfare. Some Iron Age communities, however, lacked obvious social specialism and the archaeological evidence points to small-scale modes of household production. Links between gender, age, status, and social roles are also explored.","PeriodicalId":299652,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133846953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Central Mediterranean and the Aegean 地中海中部和爱琴海
The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age Pub Date : 2018-03-07 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696826.013.15
L. Foxhall
{"title":"The Central Mediterranean and the Aegean","authors":"L. Foxhall","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696826.013.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696826.013.15","url":null,"abstract":"The early Iron Age in the Aegean has traditionally been perceived as a period of decline, in contrast to the splendour of the palatial societies of the later Bronze Age, and concomitantly is often presented as a ‘Dark Age’—a time of regionalism and isolation. Recent investigations across the Mediterranean region are, however, revealing a different and far more complex picture. A considerable amount of human and material interaction occurred between eastern and western Mediterranean societies in the period 1100–500 BC, and people, objects, and ideas were not travelling only in one direction. Links between so-called ‘Mediterranean’ and other European societies are also undergoing substantial re-evaluation. Adopting a regional approach, this chapter explores the developments which transformed Iron Age societies in the Aegean and central Mediterranean, and also examines how regional trajectories interlinked and converged through cross-cultural encounters, resulting in substantial material (including technological), social and political innovations.","PeriodicalId":299652,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of the European Iron Age","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127973716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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