HARVARD JOURNAL OF ASIATIC STUDIES最新文献

{"title":"Korean Skilled Workers: Toward a Labor Aristocracy by Hyung-A Kim (review)","authors":"C. J. Eckert","doi":"10.1353/jas.2022.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jas.2022.0011","url":null,"abstract":"“Nothing prospers,” Sophocles writes, “without pain and toil.”1 While South Korea’s spectacular rise to economic world prominence in the late twentieth century owes much to its strong developmental state headed by former army general Park Chung Hee 朴正熙, who seized political power in a military coup d’état in May 1961, neither the state’s aggressive export regime that drove the economy during those years nor its astonishing statistical achievements can be comprehended without reference to the composition and competitiveness of the country’s labor force. In an earlier book, Hyung-A Kim examines the dynamic triumvirate in the presidential Blue House consisting of Park, his chief-of-staff Kim Chŏngnyŏm 金正濂, and second economic secretary O Wŏnch’ŏl 吳源哲, who together under Park’s leadership presided over the state’s vast Heavy and Chemical Industry (HCI) project in the 1970s.2 Now in a new book based on a trove of archival and unpublished materials, extensive interviews with many key figures, and an impressive utilization of Korean and other secondary sources, Kim focuses on another crucial part of the development story, the rise of a skilled labor force, taking the narrative beyond the Park years to explore its many twists, turns, and implications. Chapter 1 opens the story in the 1970s with the creation of what Park calls “industrial warriors” (sanŏp chŏnsa 産業戰士), a technically trained and skilled workforce, without whom the move from light industry, based largely on cheap, unskilled labor, to capitaland technology-intensive HCI could not be accomplished. From the onset of Park’s rule, HCI had always been an ultimate vision. But it was not until the early 1970s that the practical economic and financial foundations were in place to pursue this vision. By then the HCI idea had become intertwined in Park’s mind with a massive upgrading of the","PeriodicalId":29948,"journal":{"name":"HARVARD JOURNAL OF ASIATIC STUDIES","volume":"82 1","pages":"169 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45349324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Early Modern Travels of Manchu: A Script and Its Study in East Asia and Europe by Mårten Söderblom Saarela (review)","authors":"Loretta E. Kim","doi":"10.1353/jas.2022.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jas.2022.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Published by the Harvard-Yenching Institute HJAS 82.1 (2022): 181–187 But this reminder, like the book’s title, calls out for comparisons. The homelands of two prominent contemporaneous trade diasporas based in South China—the Hokkien and the Cantonese diasporas—were river deltas. Did new rural orders here emerge independently, from a different but parallel set of dynamics? Or did Huizhou influence these other areas? In other words, was there something unique—whether institutions, practices, or mentality—in a place like Huizhou, with many mountains, few fields?","PeriodicalId":29948,"journal":{"name":"HARVARD JOURNAL OF ASIATIC STUDIES","volume":"82 1","pages":"181 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49555776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Soundscape of Urban Modernity: Voices and Din in 1874 Hanjōki","authors":"Gala Maria Follaco","doi":"10.1353/jas.2022.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jas.2022.0002","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This article focuses on aural patterns retraceable in four hanjōki (chronicles of prosperity) published in 1874 that deal closely with urban everyday life and constitute a valuable record of life in post-Restoration Tokyo, when things seen and heard in the city began to be treated by writers as indexes of the country's modernization. Sound representation is a useful tool to investigate multiple layers of meaning within a text, and hanjōki are a perfect example of cultural critique applied to urban environments. Through comparison with the genre's archetype, Terakado Seiken's Edo hanjōki (An account of the prosperity of Edo; 1832–1836), I emphasize auditory elements that reveal the authors' attitudes toward urban life in the 1870s and the complex intertextual system that is an essential feature of the hanjōki corpus. This focus on previously neglected issues encourages alternative understandings of established concepts of disruption and continuity in the modernization process.摘要：:本稿では幕末・明治初期の繁昌記に見られる聴覚的描写に焦点を当て、近代移行期の都市に対する四人の作家の観点を考察する。とりわけ江戸・東京の都市空間の音が非常に大きな役割を果す明治７年の繁昌記を分析の対象とし、「近代化」、「都市変貌」の概念を問う。","PeriodicalId":29948,"journal":{"name":"HARVARD JOURNAL OF ASIATIC STUDIES","volume":"82 1","pages":"1 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47218860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking Emanational Politics in Inner Asia","authors":"Charlene E. Makley","doi":"10.1353/jas.2022.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jas.2022.0006","url":null,"abstract":"In 2013, Xi Jinping, the ambitious new president and Communist Party secretary of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), launched his grand vision of a “new era” of cooperative globalization under the auspices of his Belt and Road Initiative (BRI, Ch. Yidai yilu 一帶一路). Taking up previous campaigns that had urged Chinese corporations to “go out” and secure “win-win” investment partnerships around the world, state media touted the BRI as the seamless continuation across Eurasia of a millennia-old “Silk Road Spirit” of open, peaceful, and mutually beneficial trade.1 Chinese nationalist netizens in the PRC and abroad have","PeriodicalId":29948,"journal":{"name":"HARVARD JOURNAL OF ASIATIC STUDIES","volume":"82 1","pages":"131 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41444270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Making of a New Rural Order in South China, Volume II: Merchants, Markets, and Lineages, 1500–1700 by Joseph P. McDermott (review)","authors":"Steven B. Miles","doi":"10.1353/jas.2022.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jas.2022.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Published by the Harvard-Yenching Institute HJAS 82.1 (2022): 174–181 other words, one wonders whether the term “aristocracy” here connotes more than simply a measurable income difference and superior working conditions. Moreover, one might also ask how other distinctions affect relations between HCI workers and non-HCI workers, as well as between HCI workers and other identifiable groupings in South Korean society, middle class or otherwise. Such lingering wishes and questions aside, I think that this book is splendid—deeply researched, brimming with interesting and useful historical information, and full of insight. It is, implicitly throughout and explicitly in its final paragraphs, a cri de coeur for “radical reform” (p. 154). Through her study of the HCI workers, Kim exposes one of the many ugly truths about neoliberalism in South Korea. As in so many other parts of the world, the worship of market forces and unconstrained capitalism have left a staggering winner-take-all inequality in their path, a sobering truth also told brilliantly by South Korean director Bong Joon Ho 奉俊昊 in his 2019 Oscar-winning masterpiece Para­ site (Kisaengch’ung 寄生蟲).","PeriodicalId":29948,"journal":{"name":"HARVARD JOURNAL OF ASIATIC STUDIES","volume":"82 1","pages":"174 - 181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45268317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved Speech Hearing in Noise with Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation.","authors":"Prachi Patel, Bahar Khalighinejad, Jose L Herrero, Stephan Bickel, Ashesh D Mehta, Nima Mesgarani","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1468-21.2022","DOIUrl":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1468-21.2022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Speech perception in noise is a challenging everyday task with which many listeners have difficulty. Here, we report a case in which electrical brain stimulation of implanted intracranial electrodes in the left planum temporale (PT) of a neurosurgical patient significantly and reliably improved subjective quality (up to 50%) and objective intelligibility (up to 97%) of speech in noise perception. Stimulation resulted in a selective enhancement of speech sounds compared with the background noises. The receptive fields of the PT sites whose stimulation improved speech perception were tuned to spectrally broad and rapidly changing sounds. Corticocortical evoked potential analysis revealed that the PT sites were located between the sites in Heschl's gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus. Moreover, the discriminability of speech from nonspeech sounds increased in population neural responses from Heschl's gyrus to the PT to the superior temporal gyrus sites. These findings causally implicate the PT in background noise suppression and may point to a novel potential neuroprosthetic solution to assist in the challenging task of speech perception in noise.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Speech perception in noise remains a challenging task for many individuals. Here, we present a case in which the electrical brain stimulation of intracranially implanted electrodes in the planum temporale of a neurosurgical patient significantly improved both the subjective quality (up to 50%) and objective intelligibility (up to 97%) of speech perception in noise. Stimulation resulted in a selective enhancement of speech sounds compared with the background noises. Our local and network-level functional analyses placed the planum temporale sites in between the sites in the primary auditory areas in Heschl's gyrus and nonprimary auditory areas in the superior temporal gyrus. These findings causally implicate planum temporale in acoustic scene analysis and suggest potential neuroprosthetic applications to assist hearing in noise.</p>","PeriodicalId":29948,"journal":{"name":"HARVARD JOURNAL OF ASIATIC STUDIES","volume":"44 1","pages":"3648-3658"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9053855/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91061729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learning Words in Two Languages: Manipulating Exemplar Variability for Within- and Cross-Language Generalization.","authors":"Stephanie De Anda, Erica M Ellis, Nayelli C Mejia","doi":"10.1044/2021_JSLHR-21-00350","DOIUrl":"10.1044/2021_JSLHR-21-00350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This article aims to describe how exemplar variability can manipulate the word learning environment to maximize within- and cross-language generalization in Spanish-English bilinguals. Furthermore, we examined sources of individual variability that predicted word learning.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Nineteen Spanish-English bilingual children participated in a word learning task presenting words in both languages. Children learned words either in a high variability condition (in which multiple exemplars are introduced with the target word) or in a no variability condition (in which the same referent is used with the target word). Word learning was tracked over the course of the training, and retention was examined once the training was discontinued. Children's generalization of referents within and across languages was also examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The exemplar variability effect was observed in within-language generalization trials, whereas cross-language generalization was less robust. Nevertheless, cross-language associations emerged in examining the role of language proficiency, such that semantic skills in English predicted word retention across languages. Similarly, children's propensity to code-switch during language production was positively correlated with retention of words learned in the high variability condition.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings show that Spanish-English bilingual children may make use of exemplar variability to support word learning in different ways compared with monolinguals. The exemplar variability effect interacts with children's acquired language skills and word learning abilities at the start of the intervention. This study provides preliminary evidence from which future research can develop word learning interventions that are responsive to the needs of multilinguals.</p><p><strong>Supplemental material: </strong>https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.19241856.</p>","PeriodicalId":29948,"journal":{"name":"HARVARD JOURNAL OF ASIATIC STUDIES","volume":"51 1","pages":"1450-1464"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9499345/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91063720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Astral Sciences in Early Imperial China: Observation, Sagehood and the Individual by Daniel Patrick Morgan (review)","authors":"N. Sivin","doi":"10.1353/jas.2020.0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jas.2020.0043","url":null,"abstract":"Published by the Harvard-Yenching Institute HJAS 80.2 (2020): 549–556 The need to assert something supreme that is intrinsically established has been proven from the perspective of many philosophical positions and reasons. Due simply to the fact that it is intrinsically established, it is not established as a basis that relies and arises dependently upon all the conventionally established things that themselves have the quality of arising in dependence [on something else]. (Dispelling the Darkness, p. 205)","PeriodicalId":29948,"journal":{"name":"HARVARD JOURNAL OF ASIATIC STUDIES","volume":"85 ","pages":"549 - 556"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41273313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fetishism, Allegory, and Irony in Tanizaki Jun’ichirō’s Historical Novella Bushūkō hiwa","authors":"J. Reichert","doi":"10.1353/jas.2020.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jas.2020.0028","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:This article analyzes Tanizaki Jun’ichirō’s idiosyncratic historical novella from the 1930s, Bushūkō hiwa. Structured around the masochistic decapitation fantasy of a fictional sixteenth-century warlord, the work conspicuously incorporates fetishistic elements into the sexual history of its protagonist. By employing the logic of the fetish, which enables a subject to embrace simultaneously two contradictory beliefs, the tale affirms and deconstructs a multitude of binary oppositions, including past versus present, reading versus writing, first person versus third person, figurative versus literal, and sadist versus masochist. I also consider the narrative from a formalistic perspective and argue that the linkage of two central rhetorical devices in the narrative, allegory and irony, parallel the logic of the fetish. The novella’s allegorical framework suggests the text is a fetishistic displacement in response to the era’s imperial terror, and the novella’s ironic structure simultaneously undermines any authoritative reading.䷃锣:本稿では、谷崎潤一郎『武州公秘話』に見られるフェティシズムの意義を形式主義的観点、とりわけ、寓意的アイロニーとの関わりに注視しながら考察する。二元的表象を可能にしたこのフェティシズムは、執筆当時の帝国主義的脅威に取って代わるものであった。","PeriodicalId":29948,"journal":{"name":"HARVARD JOURNAL OF ASIATIC STUDIES","volume":"80 1","pages":"381 - 417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42244109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Quest for Efficiency: Knowledge Management in Medical Formularies","authors":"R. Chen","doi":"10.1353/jas.2020.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jas.2020.0027","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:New textual techniques emerged in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries to facilitate the search for and use of information collected in medical formularies (fangshu). These techniques differed from those used in the production of literary and historical reference books, such as encyclopedias (leishu), because the need to find a medical treatment could be a matter of life and death. Formulary authors thus sought great efficiency in the retrieval and application of knowledge. Several material factors constrained how quickly any medicinal remedy, once found, could be prepared and offered to a patient, and formulary authors worked to limit these material constraints as part of their search for efficiency. I argue that the medically derived material constraints were the key contributors to the new textual techniques’ distinguishing features—notably, abridgement of text and ingredients—and thus explain formularies’ divergent history of knowledge-management technologies in middle-period China.䷃锣:本文探討方書作者用來加速檢索和應用書中藥方的技術,及其技術在宋代的新發展。方書記載的藥方知識在應用時受到許多物質條件的限制,造成方書的檢索技術不同於類書等文史文類。探討這些新技術遂有助學界更深入地理解中古中國知識管理方法的多樣性。","PeriodicalId":29948,"journal":{"name":"HARVARD JOURNAL OF ASIATIC STUDIES","volume":"80 1","pages":"347 - 380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49164379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}