ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability最新文献

{"title":"Design Using Ray Tracing for a Solar Chemistry Test Module","authors":"C. Nguyen, L. Shen, S. Jeter, P. Loutzenhiser","doi":"10.1115/ES2018-7502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ES2018-7502","url":null,"abstract":"Development is underway for modifications to an existing central receiver power tower concentrator solar power research facility to accommodate a new solar chemical test module. Optical analysis, using Sol Trace, is done to model the existing heliostat field, general tower geometry, and planned system layout to predict the incident irradiation to the new experimental receiver called the Solar Reducer Receiver Reactor (SR3). Within the SR3, a layer of particles flowing over an inclined plane will be highly irradiated to chemically reduce the particulate. To accommodate the inclined plane reactor geometry, a beam down mirror will be modeled. An estimated 1000 suns will be required at the aperture. Currently, the field typically provides around 300 suns over a 1 m × 1 m area. To achieve the required higher flux, a secondary concentrator will concentrate the irradiation from a larger area into a smaller focal spot. Rather than using an expensive compound parabolic design, a series of flat plate petals will instead be used to create a cost effective secondary. The flat plate design also provides added benefits for ease of installation, manufacturing, and cooling. The ray tracing model is used to compare several design parameters including the number of petals, petal length, aperture size and the inclination angle of the petals for the secondary.\u0000 With these parameters selected, designs have been created for a test module to be constructed at King Saud University’s Riyadh Techno Valley CSP Tower. Additionally, the model is used to estimate the necessary cooling needed to operate both the secondary concentrator and the beam down mirror. These models will be tested experimentally using several quartz heaters. The beam down will be cooled by forced convection air, while the secondary concentrator will use water cooling. Lab experiments will measure the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed cooling before construction. Once these proof of concepts tests have been completed, construction of the secondary concentrator and beam down mirror will begin to allow for testing in 2018.","PeriodicalId":298211,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128969462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quasi-Solid Graphite Anode for Flexible Lithium-Ion Battery","authors":"Waleed Zakri, Muapper Alhadri, A. Mohammed, R. Esmaeeli, S. R. Hashemi, Haniph Aliniagerdroudbari, Siamak Farhad","doi":"10.1115/ES2018-7456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ES2018-7456","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have a strong oncoming consumer market demand for use in wearable electronic devices, flexible smart electronics, roll-up displays, electronic shelf labels, active radio-frequency identification tags, and implantable medical devices. This market demand necessitates research and development of flexible LIBs in order to fulfill the power requirements of these next-generation devices. This study investigated the performance of quasi-solid anode — the active and conductive additive materials suspended in liquid electrolyte — for flexible lithium-ion batteries (LIB). A quasi-solid graphite anode was fabricated and tested using different material ratios and compositions, showing an acceptable performance. Furthermore, this study looked into the effect of graphite powder ratios in battery performance. A ratio of over 65% of the specific discharge capacity to the theoretical capacity was achieved maintaining the capacity retention of more than 74% after the second cycle.","PeriodicalId":298211,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130721024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"100% Test Burn of Torrefied Wood Pellets at a Full-Scale Pulverized Coal Fired Utility Steam Generator","authors":"R. Hatt, David A. T. Rodgers, R. Curtis","doi":"10.1115/ES2018-7273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ES2018-7273","url":null,"abstract":"Portland General Electric’s (PGE) Boardman plant is a nominal 600 megawatt (MW) coal fired unit that burns sub-bituminous Powder River Basin (PRB) coal from Wyoming. This paper will cover the experience and results of PGE’s Boardman plant operating on 100% torrefied wood (TW) pellets at 255 MW consuming almost 5000 tons of pellets. Results were positive and include suitable handing after inclement weathering for months. Pulverizers were able to handle the TW pellets with adjustments, resulting in near 100% combustion efficiency. Particulates were controlled with an electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Topics investigated include torrefied wood production, fuel handling and storage on the front end of the test. Fuel handling, pulverization, combustion, emissions, and ESP performance were monitored during the test and are reported here. Several one mill tests were conducted prior to the 100% test to evaluate and improve mill performance. This test showed that a pulverized coal (PC) boiler can operate on 100% TW fuel with minimal operational changes.","PeriodicalId":298211,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131394058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Study of Industrial Energy Assessments for Small and Medium-Sized Industrial Facilities","authors":"Ahmad I. Abbas, Mandana S. Saravani, M. Al-Haddad, R. Amano, M. Qandil","doi":"10.1115/ES2018-7550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ES2018-7550","url":null,"abstract":"The Industrial Assessment Center at University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (WM-IAC) has implemented over 100 industrial energy, waste, and productivity assessments, and has recommended $9.5 million of energy and operational savings with about 950 recommendations since it was re-established in 2011. This paper analyzes the assessments, and the recommendations were performed over two years only, 2014 and 2015. During these two years, a total of 40 assessments were created by visiting different manufacturing facilities with the analysis of the data gathered and processed. The determinants of the data were the number of recommendations, recommended energy savings (in kWh/year), recommended energy cost savings (in US$/year), implemented energy savings (in US$/year), the Standard Industrial Code (SIC) and the groups of Energy Efficiency Opportunities (EEOs). Such an analytical study was meant to reveal the significance of EEO groups through a variety of SICs in terms of the potential for energy savings, particularly focused towards choosing plant facilities for IAC assessments. Additionally, this paper could be considered as a guide for plant managers, energy engineers and other personnel involved in the energy assessment process. Conclusions are inferred with respect to the most promising EEOs that can be resolved based on the characteristics of the manufacturing plants visited. The information investigated can pave the way for composing energy demanding industries and expose priority goal areas regarding minimizing the energy consumption.","PeriodicalId":298211,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131519833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrochemical Energy Storage and Synthetic Natural Gas Production Based on Reversible Molten Carbonate Cells","authors":"L. Mastropasqua, F. Baia, L. Conti, S. Campanari","doi":"10.1115/ES2018-7344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ES2018-7344","url":null,"abstract":"One of the biggest issues associated to Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) applications involves the exploitation of the captured CO2 as a valuable consumable. An interesting application is the conversion of CO2 into renewable fuels via electrochemical reduction at high temperature. Still unexplored in the literature is the possibility of employing a Molten Carbonate Electrolysis Cell (MCEC) to directly converting CO2 and H2O into H2, CO and eventually CH4, if a methanation process is envisaged. The introduction of this concept into a reversible system — similarly to the process proposed with reversible solid-oxide cells — allows the creation of a cycle which oxidises natural gas to produce CO2 and then employs the same CO2 and excess renewable energy to produce renewable natural gas. The result is a system able to perform electrochemical storage of excess renewable energy (from wind or solar) and if/when required sell renewable natural gas to the grid.\u0000 In this work, a simulation of a reversible Molten Carbonate Cell (rMCC) is proposed. The reference MCFC technology considered is that from FuelCell Energy (USA) whose smaller stack is rated at 375 kW (DC). A simplified 0D stack model is developed and calibrated against experimental data. The Balance of Plant (BoP) is in common between the two operation modes MCFC and MCEC. In the former case, natural gas is electrochemically oxidised in the fuel compartment which receives carbonate ions (CO32−) from the air compartment, fed with air enriched with CO2 produced during electrolysis mode. The CO2 in the anode off gas stream is then purified and stored. In electrolysis mode, the stored CO2 is mixed with process H2O and sent to the fuel compartment of the MCEC; here, electrolysis and internal methanation occur. An external chemical reactor finalises the production of methane for either natural gas grid injection or storage and reuse in fuel cell mode. A thermodynamic analysis of the system is performed the yearly round-trip efficiency is assessed considering an assumed availability operating time of 7000 h/y. Finally, the overall green-house gas emission is assessed.","PeriodicalId":298211,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114326831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Low Temperature Phase Change Materials to Enable the Cold Weather Operability of B100 Biodiesel in Diesel Trucks","authors":"Obiajulu Nnaemeka, E. Bibeau","doi":"10.1115/ES2018-7161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ES2018-7161","url":null,"abstract":"The use of pure biodiesel for compression ignition engines during the winter poses a challenge due to gelling and plugging of engine filters and fuel lines. The most common method to prevent this issue is blending with petroleum diesel and many engine manufacturers limit the biodiesel in blends to 20% or less for warrantee purposes; as low as 5% may be set for winter months. In a previous work, the authors proposed a novel fuel tank design that could potentially solve this problem and presented a numerical validation of the concept of using phase change materials (PCM) to enable cold weather operability of 100% biodiesel by maintaining its temperature above a cloud point of 5 degrees Celsius for over 3 days at an ambient temperature of −25 degrees Celsius and initial temperature of 20 degrees Celsius. In this research, an experimental analysis is performed using a scaled model of the fuel tank with canola oil as a test fluid in the tank. The tank is subjected to an ambient temperature of −20 degrees Celsius in an icing tunnel facility with air velocity at 10 m/s. The results show that the time above cloud point was increased from 18.6 hours to 22.5 and 33 hours respectively when 4 and 12 PCM tubes were inserted in the tank containing 33 litres of canola oil. A simple numerical model was formulated to predict the transient temperature of the oil and comparison with experimental results showed excellent agreement.","PeriodicalId":298211,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115476353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-Sun Testing of a High Temperature Bladed Solar Receiver and Transient Efficiency Evaluation Using Air","authors":"Jesus D. Ortega, Sagar D. Khivsara, J. Christian, P. Dutta, C. Ho","doi":"10.1115/ES2018-7543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ES2018-7543","url":null,"abstract":"Prior research at Sandia National Laboratories showed the potential advantages of using light-trapping features which are not currently used in direct tubular receivers. A horizontal bladed receiver arrangement showed the best potential for increasing the effective solar absorptance by increasing the ratio of effective surface area to the aperture footprint. Previous test results and models of the bladed receiver showed a receiver efficiency increase over a flat receiver panel of ∼ 5–7% over a range of average irradiances, while showing that the receiver tubes can withstand temperatures > 800 °C with no issues.\u0000 The bladed receiver is being tested at various peak heat fluxes ranging 75–150 kW/m2 under transient conditions using Air as a heat transfer fluid at inlet pressure ∼250 kPa (∼36 psi) using a regulating flow loop. The flow loop was designed and tested to maintain a steady mass flow rate for ∼15 minutes using pressurized bottles as gas supply. Due to the limited flow-time available, a novel transient methodology to evaluate the thermal efficiencies is presented in this work. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are used to predict the temperature distribution and the resulting transient receiver efficiencies. The CFD simulations results using air as heat transfer fluid have been validated experimentally at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility in Sandia National Labs.","PeriodicalId":298211,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124854545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and Emissions of a CRDI Passenger Van Using CME-Diesel Blends","authors":"E. Quiros, Rupert Karlo D. Aguila, Manuel V. Hernandez, Joseph Gerard T. Reyes, Jose Gabriel E. Mercado","doi":"10.1115/ES2018-7197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ES2018-7197","url":null,"abstract":"In a move to reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels, develop and utilize indigenous renewable and sustainably-sourced clean energy sources, the Philippines enacted the Biofuels Act of 2006 (or Republic Act 9367) that mandated blending of biodiesel with commercially sold diesel fuels which presently is at 2% coconut methyl ester (CME) by volume. Deliberations are underway to shift to 5% by volume so that data on the effects on performance and emissions of percentage blends are necessary. This study presents fuel consumption and emissions measurements of an in-use passenger van with a common-rail direct injection (CRDI) powertrain fueled with 2, 5, 10, & 20 percent CME-diesel blends by volume (designated as B2, B5, B10, & B20 respectively) driven on the Japanese 10–15 Mode drive cycle. Results indicate B2-B20 had only a marginal effect on heating values, fuel blend density, and maximum power. Relative to neat diesel, the blends showed a 1–5% lower specific fuel consumption (SFC) with B5 lowest. Mileage was 1–5% higher with the blends with B5 highest. CO decreased with increasing blend. THC emissions of B1-B20 were roughly half that of diesel. NOx from the CME blends was marginally lower than diesel. The CO and THC trends agreed with published literature and usually ascribed to overall lean mixtures and increased amount of oxygenated fuel at higher CME blends. The NOx results need further investigation as it seemed to contradict other studies. Based on these results, B5 yielded the best combination of fuel economy and emissions improvement over neat diesel and B2 without performance loss.","PeriodicalId":298211,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121417046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Application of MRI to Measure Flow Distribution in Fuel Cell Channels","authors":"Rajan Thandi, D. Beedie, P. Glover, C. Kannangara, H. Versteeg","doi":"10.1115/ES2018-7224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ES2018-7224","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an application of MRI to measure flow distribution in fuel cell channels. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) are able to efficiently produce electricity directly from the oxidation of the natural gas by electrochemical conversion. The distribution of fuel gas between the high numbers of parallel flow paths within the fuel cell assembly is critically important to ensure high efficiency and uniform conditions within the fuel cell assembly. Practical approaches in conjunction with numerical models are needed to understand and control the physical processes taking place within fuel cells in order to design them to be efficient and reliable. The paper outlines a non-invasive experiment using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the distribution of flow within an SOFC subassembly.\u0000 The method quantifies the flow distribution by modelling the gas using water at Reynolds similar conditions. Water has a magnetic moment that can be imaged using an MRI scanner. Two-dimensional cross-section scans were taken perpendicular to the direction of flow in the fuel cell channel to measure area and velocity. The study evaluated a range of image resolutions and outlined how the data was processed to provide mass flow rates in each channel using the known fluid properties.\u0000 At the highest image resolution the total mass flow rate was within 1% of the independent measurement from the experimental rig. The distribution of flow between the channels showed a similar trend to the computational model. The initial results demonstrate the feasibility for the method to measure flow in the SOFC channels.","PeriodicalId":298211,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129667202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cell (SAMFC)","authors":"R. Raimundo, J. Vargas, W. Balmant, J. Ordonez","doi":"10.1115/ES2018-7545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/ES2018-7545","url":null,"abstract":"This work addresses the development and construction of a sustainable alkaline membrane fuel cell (SAMFC). The SAMFC couples an alkaline membrane fuel cell (AMFC) with a hydrogen generation reactor that uses recycled aluminum from soda cans to split the water molecule through the oxidation of aluminum catalyzed by sodium hydroxide. An innovative cellulosic membrane supports the electrolyte, which avoids the undesirable characteristics of liquid electrolytes, and asbestos or ammonia that are substances that have been used to manufacture alkaline electrolyte membranes, which are knowingly toxic and carcinogenic. Aluminum is an inexpensive, abundant element in the earth’s crust and fully recyclable. Oxygen is supplied to the cell with atmospheric air that is pumped through a potassium hydroxide (KOH) aqueous solution in order to fix CO2, and in this way avoid potassium carbonate formation in order to keep the cell fully functional. A sustainable alkaline membrane fuel cell (SAMFC) system with one unitary cell, the reactor, and CO2 purifier was designed and built in the laboratory. The results are presented in polarization and power curves directly measured in the laboratory. Although recycled aluminum was used in the experiments, the results demonstrate that the cell was capable of delivering 0.9 V in open circuit and approximately 0.42 W of maximum power. The main conclusion is that by allowing for in situ sustainable hydrogen production, the SAMFC could eventually become economically competitive with traditional power generation systems.","PeriodicalId":298211,"journal":{"name":"ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125838557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}