{"title":"14. Proprietary Estoppel","authors":"Martin George, A. Layard","doi":"10.1093/HE/9780198828020.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/HE/9780198828020.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Proprietary estoppel is a doctrine of considerable antiquity, which, while the subject of considerable judicial development in the nineteenth century, lurked in a degree of obscurity until interest in the subject was revived comparatively recently. Estoppel is seen as having two main forms; in land law, it has long been accepted that estoppel can operate directly to found a cause of action. When operating in this way, the doctrine is referred to as proprietary estoppel, which is the focus of this chapter. It first considers the origin of the doctrine before turning to equitable estoppel, estoppel and other concepts, and estoppel and third parties.","PeriodicalId":296366,"journal":{"name":"Thompson's Modern Land Law","volume":"80 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114098214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"7. Consecutive and Concurrent Interests in Land","authors":"Martin George, A. Layard","doi":"10.1093/HE/9780198828020.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/HE/9780198828020.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"According to the doctrine of estates, which provides the theoretical underpinnings of modern Land Law in England, a number of estates could exist simultaneously with regard to the same piece of land. Land could be settled upon one person for life, the remainder to a second person in fee tail, and the remainder to a third person in fee simple. The interests of the second and third persons are called future interests, which are considered consecutive interests in the land. In addition to consecutive interests, one can also have concurrent interests in the land. This chapter discusses the methods by which English law accommodates both consecutive and concurrent interests in the land. It also considers the law relating to co-ownership of land, the powers of the tenant for life, the structure of settlements, sale of trust, trust of land, the rights of beneficiaries, and overreaching.","PeriodicalId":296366,"journal":{"name":"Thompson's Modern Land Law","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134424520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"4. Unregistered Land and the 1925 Legislation","authors":"Martin George, A. Layard","doi":"10.1093/HE/9780198828020.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/HE/9780198828020.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"In 1925, England enacted substantial legislation that recast the existing Land Law, and which provided the framework on which modern Land Law was developed for more than seventy-five years. The essential framework remained intact until the enactment of the Land Registration Act 2002, which replaced, and substantially modified, the Land Registration Act 1925. But while the Land Registration Act 2002 is expected to be an important piece of legislation relating to land ownership in England, the 1925 legislation will still provide a good deal of the theoretical underpinning of the subject. This chapter discusses the main strategies of the Land Registration Act 1925, focusing on its effect on unregistered land. It first describes Land Law after 1925 before turning to legal estates, legal interests in land, equitable rights, land charges registration under the Land Charges Act 1925, unregistrable interests, and classification of interests.","PeriodicalId":296366,"journal":{"name":"Thompson's Modern Land Law","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131372796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"3. Law, Equity, and Human Rights","authors":"Martin George, A. Layard","doi":"10.1093/HE/9780198828020.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/HE/9780198828020.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"In addition to the concepts of tenure and estates, another fundamental aspect of England’s Land Law is the impact of equity. The intervention of equity was originally based upon the need to enforce obligations of conscience and to redress defects in the common law, and also gave rise to the trust. But while the trust might be equity’s greatest creation, the intervention of equity also addressed other areas of Land Law where the common law position was considered to be defective or oppressive. A notable example is the law of mortgages. Aside from modifying the common law, equity also recognized other rights that did not result in the beneficial entitlement to the land. This chapter discusses the historical basis of equity in England, the creation of equitable rights, the enforceability of equitable and legal rights, and human rights.","PeriodicalId":296366,"journal":{"name":"Thompson's Modern Land Law","volume":"790 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116134943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"10. Leasehold Estates","authors":"Martin George, A. Layard","doi":"10.1093/HE/9780198828020.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/HE/9780198828020.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The lease was not originally perceived to be within Land Law at all, but is now a familiar part of landholding. The underlying basis of the lease is a contractual one, a factor that has led, at times, to conflict between landlord and tenant as to whether the relationship should be regarded as the incidents of that estate, or should be governed by normal contractual principles. Leases are employed in three main areas: residential property, commercial property, and agricultural property. This chapter, which deals with leasehold estates, examines the context of leases, the essentials of a lease, exclusive possession, types of tenancy, and equitable leases, and also discusses the rights and duties under a lease, the enforceability of covenants, and termination of tenancies.","PeriodicalId":296366,"journal":{"name":"Thompson's Modern Land Law","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123018981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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