{"title":"Uncertainty, Heterogeneous Beliefs, and Business Cycles: Macro and Micro Evidence","authors":"Calvin Dun Jia","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2885163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2885163","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides empirical evidence both at the aggregate and the micro level to demonstrate that the survey-based forecast dispersion series helps identify a different type of second moment shocks, which affect the distribution of firms’ beliefs regardless of whether those beliefs are backed by economic fundamentals. Having jointly identified the “informational disagreement shocks” and the standard uncertainty shocks, innovations that enlarge the forecast dispersion lead to a persistent decline in aggregate investment, employment, and production followed by a slow recovery. Conversely, when the uncertainty is measured by the variability of future firm-specific productivity innovations, the classic “wait and see” effect of uncertainty kicks in such that a quick “rebound-overshoot” ensuing a short-run contraction. Firm-level evidence suggests that those more productive firms increase the investments given larger uncertainty, whereas the investments are cut when they hold more heterogeneous beliefs about future business well-beings. Thus, the heightened uncertainty promotes while rises in the belief heterogeneity hinders the capital reallocation among firms. The results hold with the endogeneity issue corrected with instruments constructed from the USPTO patent data. Identifying the informational second moment shocks implies that a slow recovery does not have to be a result of the combined adverse first moment and second moment shocks that shift the economic fundamentals.","PeriodicalId":291338,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Forecasting & Simulation (Production) (Topic)","volume":"47 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129997688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexey Porshakov, Elena Deryugina, A. Ponomarenko, A. Sinyakov
{"title":"Nowcasting and Short-Term Forecasting of Russian GDP with a Dynamic Factor Model","authors":"Alexey Porshakov, Elena Deryugina, A. Ponomarenko, A. Sinyakov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2616248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2616248","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time assessment of quarterly GDP growth rates is crucial for evaluation of economy’s current perspectives given the fact that respective data is normally subject to substantial publication delays by national statistical agencies. Large information sets of real-time indicators which could be used to approximate GDP growth rates in the quarter of interest are in practice characterized by unbalanced data, mixed frequencies, systematic data revisions, as well as a more general curse of dimensionality problem. The latter issues could, however, be practically resolved by means of dynamic factor modeling that has recently been recognized as a helpful tool to evaluate current economic conditions by means of higher frequency indicators. Our major results show that the performance of dynamic factor models in predicting Russian GDP dynamics appears to be superior as compared to other common alternative specifications. At the same time, we empirically show that the arrival of new data seems to consistently improve DFM’s predictive accuracy throughout sequential nowcast vintages. We also introduce the analysis of nowcast evolution resulting from the gradual expansion of the dataset of explanatory variables, as well as the framework for estimating contributions of different blocks of predictors into now-casts of Russian GDP.","PeriodicalId":291338,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Forecasting & Simulation (Production) (Topic)","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123221414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Are Individual Survey Expectations Internally Consistent?","authors":"Maritta Paloviita, M. Virén","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2213716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2213716","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies professional forecasts on a micro level using three alternative data sets. The analysis is mainly based on the ECB Survey of Professional Forecasts for the euro area, but for comparison, Consensus Economics survey and the Survey of Professional Forecasts for the US are also investigated. We examine internal consistency of individual inflation and real GDP growth forecasts by estimating alternative specifications of the Phillips curve on a micro level. We also explore forecast uncertainty using two alternative measures, i.e. conventional standard deviation of individual point forecasts and the median values of individual forecasters’ uncertainty based on subjective probability distributions of survey respondents. Our analysis indicates that individual forecasters deviate systematically from each other. Moreover, inflation uncertainty is closely related to the output growth uncertainty. In forming expectations, individual forecasters seem to behave according to the hybrid specification of the New Keynesian Phillips curve. The results also indicate that inflation uncertainty has a negative impact on economic activity by increasing inflation and lowering the price sensitiveness of aggregate supply.","PeriodicalId":291338,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Forecasting & Simulation (Production) (Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126923892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Directional Analysis of Japanese GDP Forecasts Made by Corporate Executives","authors":"Y. Tsuchiya","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2136554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2136554","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the directional accuracy of GDP forecasts by corporate executives. Extending the literature to business leader’s forecasts, our findings show positive evidence for the usefulness of long-term forecasts whereas past literature casts doubt on their usefulness. However, examination of sub-samples shows that the forecasts are useful in the moderate-growth period (1991-2010) but not in the high-growth period (1974-1990). In the moderate-growth period, using not only the long-term forecast but also the short-term forecast improves forecast accuracy. The usefulness of the forecast is robust to data vintages whereas this issue has been hardly examined thoroughly.","PeriodicalId":291338,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Forecasting & Simulation (Production) (Topic)","volume":"175 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126936706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Is the Purchasing Managers’ Index Useful for Assessing the Economy’s Strength? A Directional Analysis","authors":"Y. Tsuchiya","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1766380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1766380","url":null,"abstract":"The Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) is one of the key variables to which economists pay considerable attention for assessing US economic activities, particularly, business conditions in the manufacturing sector. Although the PMI has been used to assess the US economy, there is hardly any attempt to evaluate the directional accuracy of the PMI to predict the direction of change in the index of industrial production (IP) and Gross Domestic Production (GDP). We present evidence that the PMI is a useful predictor of the direction of change in the IP, particularly in the recent decade.","PeriodicalId":291338,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Forecasting & Simulation (Production) (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129894272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Aastveit, Karsten R. Gerdrup, A. Jore, Leif Anders Thorsrud
{"title":"Nowcasting GDP in Real-Time: A Density Combination Approach","authors":"K. Aastveit, Karsten R. Gerdrup, A. Jore, Leif Anders Thorsrud","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1935860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1935860","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we use U.S. real-time vintage data and produce combined density nowcasts for quarterly GDP growth from a system of three commonly used model classes. The density nowcasts are combined in two steps. First, a wide selection of individual models within each model class are combined separately. Then, the nowcasts from the three model classes are combined into a single predictive density. We update the density nowcast for every new data release throughout the quarter, and highlight the importance of new information for the evaluation period 1990Q2-2010Q3. Our results show that the logarithmic score of the predictive densities for U.S. GDP increase almost monotonically as new information arrives during the quarter. While the best performing model class is changing during the quarter, the density nowcasts from our combination framework is always performing well both in terms of logarithmic scores and calibration tests. The density combination approach is superior to a simple model selection strategy and also performs better in terms of point forecast evaluation than standard point forecast combinations.","PeriodicalId":291338,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Forecasting & Simulation (Production) (Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130517897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Forecasting Macroeconomic Variables Using Disaggregate Survey Data","authors":"Kjetil Martinsen, F. Ravazzolo, Fredrik Wulfsberg","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1847595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1847595","url":null,"abstract":"We construct factor models based on disaggregate survey data for forecasting national aggregate macroeconomic variables. Our methodology applies regional and sectoral factor models to Norges Bank’s regional survey and to the Swedish Business Tendency Survey. The analysis identifies which of the pieces of information extracted from the individual regions in Norges Bank’s survey and the sectors for the two surveys perform particularly well at forecasting different variables at various horizons. The results show that several factor models beat an autoregressive benchmark in forecasting inflation and the unemployment rate. However, the factor models are most successful at forecasting GDP growth. Forecast combinations using the past performances of regional and sectoral factor models yield the most accurate forecasts in the majority of the cases.","PeriodicalId":291338,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Forecasting & Simulation (Production) (Topic)","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116694339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What Does Ex-Post Evidence Tell Us About the Output Effects of Future Tax Reforms?","authors":"F. Misch, R. Kneller","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1810862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1810862","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the existing evidence on the effects of tax reforms on output levels and growth over the short and long run from different strands of the literature. It develops and applies criteria to evaluate the usefulness of ex-post estimates to predict the effects of tax reforms ex-ante. These include whether the estimated policy change can be replicated in practice and whether the estimates are reliable. Based on these criteria we present detailed tables summarizing and comparing ex-post estimates of the effects of tax reforms. Overall, our review suggests that at least the direction of the long-run growth effects can be predicted with a reasonable degree of certainty. However, our review also suggests that depending on the tax change, trade-offs between short-run stabilization and long-run growth may arise and that more research on this question is needed.","PeriodicalId":291338,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Forecasting & Simulation (Production) (Topic)","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122785393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the Conditional Effects of IMF Program Participation on Output Growth","authors":"Michael Binder, Marcel Bluhm","doi":"10.1016/J.JMACRO.2017.01.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMACRO.2017.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":291338,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Forecasting & Simulation (Production) (Topic)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"118597958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Proximity-Concentration Tradeoff Under Uncertainty","authors":"N. Ramondo, Kim J. Ruhl, V. Rappoport","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1635461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1635461","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the firm's choice between serving a foreign market through exports or foreign affiliate sales in an environment characterized by country speci c shocks to the cost of production. Our model predicts that country pairs with less correlated output fluctuations trade more, relative to affiliate sales, and countries with more volatile fluctuations are served relatively more by exporters than by foreign affiliates selling abroad. Using detailed data on trade and affiliate sales from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, we find empirical support for these predictions of the model.","PeriodicalId":291338,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Forecasting & Simulation (Production) (Topic)","volume":"07 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132314756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}