{"title":"Software fault tolerance","authors":"S. Bennett","doi":"10.1049/PBCE041E_CH10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBCE041E_CH10","url":null,"abstract":"Methodologies for analysing the reliability of complex systems and techniques for making such systems tolerant of faults, thus increasing the reliability, are well established. In software, the emphasis has been on improved software construction techniques or “software engineering” to reduce latent errors; there has also been work on techniques to introduce redundancy into software systems. The majority of work on fault tolerance has concentrated on “anticipated faults”, i.e. faults which the design can anticipate and hence “design” in tolerance. A much more difficult and insidious problem is that of faults in the design of the system. These are by definition “unanticipated” (and unanticipatable) faults. Design faults can occur both in complex hardware and software, but are more common in software, and much of the effort of software engineering has been directed towards reducing design faults, i.e. unanticipated faults.","PeriodicalId":290911,"journal":{"name":"IEE control engineering series","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122891505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Model-following control of time-varying and nonlinear avionics systems","authors":"S. Spurgeon, M. K. Yew, A. Zinober, R. Patton","doi":"10.1049/PBCE040E_CH5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBCE040E_CH5","url":null,"abstract":"The technique of variable structure model-following control system design has been discussed. The design objective is to force the error between the model and the plant to zero as time tends to infinity. The initial condition of the plant and model need not be equal although the matching conditions must be satisfied for a perfect model-following.A great deal of the work in the field of variable structure flight control system design to date has concentrated upon solving the state-regulator problem and indeed some very robust control schemes have been designed.","PeriodicalId":290911,"journal":{"name":"IEE control engineering series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124973510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Active control of a modern fighter aircraft","authors":"D. McLean","doi":"10.1049/PBCE041E_CH15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBCE041E_CH15","url":null,"abstract":"Many of the active control technology (ACT) systems discussed in this chapter can be found in modern fighter aircraft. Most have been designed using modern control methods, such as the optimal linear quadratic regulator problem, to determine the appropriate feedback control law. Other methods such as model-following or eigenstructure assignment can be used with equal facility, but the resulting control law will take the same form namely a linear full, state-variable feedback control law. When gust load alleviation (GLA) or bending mode control (BMC) are being considered, where the most significant bending modes are taken into account, the corresponding feedback control will require that the bending displacements and rates are available for measurement. This may be unlikely, and if those methods are to be employed, then recourse to state estimation techniques will be required.","PeriodicalId":290911,"journal":{"name":"IEE control engineering series","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123603573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Generating sequences for control","authors":"R. Henry","doi":"10.1049/PBCE041E_CH5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBCE041E_CH5","url":null,"abstract":"The way in which switching and sequences are generated for practical control in industry are introduced and described. Methods have changed with the introduction of PLCs though programming and methodology are still related to the earlier methods used. The extra facilities built into PLCs are also reviewed. Such facilities make them a new tool in their own right with the ability to compute and control online. Large systems require much checking and testing. Software tools and methodologies to facilitate this are an important way of reducing project costs and demonstrating that the system will do what it should (and nothing that it shouldn't).","PeriodicalId":290911,"journal":{"name":"IEE control engineering series","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130330719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nonlinear continuous feedback control for robust tracking","authors":"F. Garofalo, L. Glielmo","doi":"10.1049/PBCE040E_CH10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBCE040E_CH10","url":null,"abstract":"A robust tracking control system has been presented. The model, affected by bounded parameter uncertainties, has a structure often encountered in the analysis of complex mechanical systems. The continuous nonlinear control law which has been proposed (and which is an approximation of discontinuous laws) ensures the attractiveness of a certain region of the state space, while leaving the possibility of choosing the rate of convergence toward any ball of ultimate boundedness or just a decoupled structure of the controller. The method of analysis and design merges ideas of the VSC and Lyapunov approaches. Some of those ideas have been developed here and enriched for the tracking problem.","PeriodicalId":290911,"journal":{"name":"IEE control engineering series","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134032964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An introduction to variable structure control","authors":"A. Zinober","doi":"10.1049/PBCE040E_CH1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBCE040E_CH1","url":null,"abstract":"In this introductory chapter attention will be focused upon the regulator, where the aim of the design is to regulate the system state to zero. Much of the theory may be applied with suitable modifications to model-following and tracking control systems. In this chapter some of the basic features and properties of variable structure control have been discussed. Numerous applications to a wide variety of practical problem are listed. The deterministic control of uncertain time-varying systems control is achieved using nonlinear feedback control functions, which operate effectively over a specified magnitude range of a class of system parameter variations, without the need for on-line identification of the values of the parameters. This control philosophy contrasts sharply with stochastic adaptive control systems in which the control law is altered whilst system parameter values are calculated using online identification algorithms.","PeriodicalId":290911,"journal":{"name":"IEE control engineering series","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130894348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Applications of output feedback in variable structure control","authors":"B. White","doi":"10.1049/PBCE040E_CH8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBCE040E_CH8","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the techniques for the design of Variable Structure Control Systems (VSCS) for both scalar and multivariable systems that is presented in the literature assumes that either the state vector is directly measurable or that an observer is used to reconstruct the state. In systems which do not have the full state vector available or that have a set of output measurements y, the usual technique for VSCS design of equivalent control cannot be applied. This chapter discusses the design of VSCS for the case of output feedback. This will be followed by a section extending the ideas to the output feedback case.","PeriodicalId":290911,"journal":{"name":"IEE control engineering series","volume":"260 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114485321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A case study on digital communication systems","authors":"E. M. Warrington, E. C. Thomas, T. Jones","doi":"10.1049/PBCE042E_CH23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBCE042E_CH23","url":null,"abstract":"In the following sections of this chapter, the application of some of these techniques are discussed. The treatment given to all of the topics, particularly those areas concerned with the propagation aspects, is necessarily brief, however more detailed information may be obtained from the various references.","PeriodicalId":290911,"journal":{"name":"IEE control engineering series","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133248454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Throughput, speed and cost considerations","authors":"M. Carey","doi":"10.1049/PBCE042E_CH21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBCE042E_CH21","url":null,"abstract":"An example has been described of the coding of a speech recognition algorithm onto a floating point digital signal processor by means of a high level language compiler. It has been shown that this can considerably reduce the engineering effort required, compared with that for a fixed point DSP using assembly language. It must be concluded however, that it is necessary to use assembly coding for computationally intensive routines if real-time performance is to be achieved. When devices are used in production volumes, the extra cost of floating point over fixed point devices will not be justified by the savings in engineering costs. However, if the cost of engineering effort involved in programming the DSP is significant, when compared with the total cost of the DSP devices, then the extra cost for a floating point device can be justified by the saving of incremental engineering costs. This is particularly the case if further modifications of the algorithm may be required.","PeriodicalId":290911,"journal":{"name":"IEE control engineering series","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133467368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Algebraic Approach to Control System Design","authors":"V. Kučera","doi":"10.1049/PBCE049E_CH1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBCE049E_CH1","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses algebraic approach to control system synthesis. The algebraic approach was the case of time varying linear systems. This approach is also needed to study infinite-dimensional linear systems.","PeriodicalId":290911,"journal":{"name":"IEE control engineering series","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130201757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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