Journal of New Seeds最新文献

{"title":"Genetic Variation in Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) Populations Based on Seed Storage Protein Polymorphism","authors":"S. Afkar, G. Karimzadeh, A. Jafari","doi":"10.1080/1522886X.2010.525733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1522886X.2010.525733","url":null,"abstract":"Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) is one of the main perennial forage grasses that naturally grows in temperate pasture and rangelands in northern and western Iran. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic variability among 15 populations of tall fescue via SDS-PAGE analysis of seed storage proteins. This technique generated a total of 46 protein patterns that showed two types of polymorphism: presence or absence of patterns and their intensities. Populations G15 and G24 with average values of 41 and 28 had higher and lower band numbers, respectively. Cluster analysis using UPGMA method was performed on resultant data obtained from SDS-PAGE for seed proteins. Three distinct groups were identified from the cluster analysis at the similarity coefficient level of 0.75. The bands of 65 and 70 kDa can be used as protein markers to identify populations. We concluded that seed storage protein polymorphism could be a useful marker in population identification, study of genetic diversity and improving the efficiency of grass breeding programs.","PeriodicalId":290391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Seeds","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122401909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of Farmers' Information Seeking and Utilization on Seeds and Planting Materials in Lagos and Ogun States, Nigeria","authors":"O. Oladele","doi":"10.1080/1522886X.2010.520240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1522886X.2010.520240","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined farmers' information seeking and utilization pattern on seeds and planting materials in Lagos and Ogun States. A total of 220 farmers were selected through a multistage random sampling method and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Farmers were exposed to many sources of information on seeds and planting materials, but their use in decreasing order of preference was as follows: family member (87.3%), extension agents (86.4%), agricultural development projects (76.4%), neighbors (75.9%), contact farmers (most innovative farmer in an extension circle) (71.8%), friends/peers (67.7%), radio jingles (56.4%), and sales agent (50%). Farmers were aware of and used information on hybrids of maize (96.4%), cassava (94.6%), yam (88.2%), okra (88.2%), melon (81.8%), pepper (86.8%), tomatoes (87.7%), and vegetables (80.9%). Significant determinants of information seeking were age (t = 2.46), educational level (t = 2.57), farming experience (t = 2.65), family size (t = 1.70), credibility of source of information (t = 2.93), language of instruction (t = 1.80), and organization membership (t = 1.86). Significant determinants of information utilization were age (t = −2.13), educational level (t = 3.14), family size (t = 2.12) and extension contact (t = –1.71). The results suggest the relevance of use of improved seeds and planting materials among farmers. They also suggest the relevance of the characteristics of information sources as drivers of use of improved seeds and planting materials.","PeriodicalId":290391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Seeds","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120960832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polyphenols of Mung Bean (Phaseolus aureus L.) Cultivars Differing in Seed Coat Color: Effect of Dehulling","authors":"Muhammed Tajoddin, M. Shinde, J. Lalitha","doi":"10.1080/1522886X.2010.520146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1522886X.2010.520146","url":null,"abstract":"Polyphenols are bioactive compounds, mainly concentrated in seed coats, which play an important role in human nutrition. Ten samples of mung bean (Phaseolus aureus L.), including three yellow cultivars representing a broad range of varietal characteristics, such as color and seed weight, were analyzed for their polyphenol content. The effect of dehulling on the polyphenol content was studied. The concentration of total polyphenols was found to be in the range of 280 mg to 356 mg/100 g whole seeds, 702 mg to 1296 mg/100 g seed coat, and 172 mg to 286 mg/100 g cotyledons. Most of the polyphenols were concentrated in the seed coat. The average polyphenol content of yellow cultivars was found to be higher than the green cultivars, except in ‘China Mung’. The acidic methanol extract polyphenols constitute about 75% and methanolic extract polyphenols about 25% of the total polyphenols. Dehulling reduced polyphenol content significantly (p < .01) by 14% to 52%. Yellow cultivars contained more seed coat polyphenols, which helps the seeds in combating against pathogens and seed viability.","PeriodicalId":290391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Seeds","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132929211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wheat Seed System in Ethiopia: Farmers' Varietal Perception, Seed Sources, and Seed Management","authors":"Z. Bishaw, P. Struik, A. V. van Gastel","doi":"10.1080/1522886X.2010.518302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1522886X.2010.518302","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge and information on farmers' perception and its influence on adoption of modern wheat varieties, awareness and source of new wheat production technology, wheat seed sources, and on-farm seed-management practices remain sporadic in Ethiopia. This study was conducted to understand the functioning of the wheat seed system in four major wheat-growing areas of Ethiopia. A total of 304 wheat growers were interviewed in Arsi, West Shoa, North Shoa, and East Gojam zones. Most wheat growers were aware of modern wheat varieties, agronomic packages, and agrochemical inputs; >90% of farmers had knowledge of these agricultural technologies, the extension system being the major source of information. There is an extensive adoption of new technologies: the majority of farmers grew modern wheat varieties (76% on recommended list and 10% “obsolete” varieties), and applied fertilizers (97%) and herbicides (64%) to wheat. Although a wide range of modern wheat varieties were adopted, ET 13 (West Shoa, North Shoa, and East Gojam) and Pavon 76 (Arsi) were predominant and each was grown by 20% of the farmers, replacing previously popular varieties, such as Dashen and Enkoy. Farmers identified as many as 26 technological and socioeconomic criteria for adopting and continuously growing a particular wheat variety. However, grain yield, food quality, marketability, grain color, and grain size appeared to be the most important criteria and transcended all zones. Traditional farmer-to-farmer seed exchange played a significant role for lateral diffusion of modern varieties and was a major source of seed for planting wheat crop annually. The informal sector was an initial source of modern wheat varieties for 58% of the farmers, through neighbors or other farmers (36%), relatives (7%), or local trading (15%). Moreover, the majority of farmers sourced their wheat seed informally whereby 79% used retained seed or sourced off-farm from neighbors (9%) and local traders or markets (3%) for planting wheat during the survey year. In contrast, the formal sector was the initial source of wheat varieties for 40% of farmers, but only 8% of the farmers purchased certified seed in the 1997/98 crop season. Farmers' positive perception of seed influenced them to practice different management approaches to maintain the quality of their wheat seed through on-farm selection (67%), cleaning (83%), chemical treatment (4%), separate storage (65%), or informal assessment of seed quality (34%), whereas the responsibility was shared between men and women. The adoption and diffusion of modern bread-wheat varieties and associated technologies appeared to be higher than for other crops, although largely remained informal. It is imperative for the agricultural research to develop farmer-preferred varieties and for the government to strengthen and devise appropriate strategy for seed delivery that is responsive to the needs of the farmers. Within this context, it is important to recognize the role","PeriodicalId":290391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Seeds","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131747375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Productivity of Hybrid Rice: I. Vulnerability to Water Stress of Reproductive Development and Inhibition of RuBisCO Enzyme in Upper Leaves as Major Constraints to Yield","authors":"Sanjay Singh, T. Singh, J. Chauhan","doi":"10.1080/1522886X.2010.518433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1522886X.2010.518433","url":null,"abstract":"Producing more rice (Oryza sativa L.) with less water is a formidable challenge for the food, economic, social, and water security. To achieve this, the knowledge of how plant water stress is transduced into plant performance is necessary. The objective of this research was to investigate in hybrid rice the impact of soil water deficit, especially on reproductive growth and photosynthetic activities that lead to the ultimate harvestable product—grains. The early reproductive growth period, encompassing tetrad-formation stage of meiosis (i.e., about 10–15 d prior to heading), was found to be the most sensitive and critical to water deficit resulting in up to 59% grain sterility that caused similar magnitude of yield reduction. As the grain formation progressed further, the early period of grain-filling was found to be more vulnerable to water stress than the late-milk stages. The behavior of upper leaves appeared to be conspicuously at variance under water stress in that the survival of flag leaf dropped from 81% at booting to 58% at heading, whereas in contrast, the second leaf registered the survival of only 30% at booting, which rose to 66% at heading stage. The drought-affected reduction in grain weight was attributable to the increased diffusive resistance of upper leaves during early hours of water stress (i.e., 2.5 s/cm in control plants), rose to 12 s/cm in stressed plants, restricting photosynthesis followed by 50%–70% decrease in the activities of carboxylating enzyme ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), and enhanced chlorophyll degradation during progressive water stress. Apparently, depending upon the time and intensity of the onset of water shortage, the grain number and its size both are likely to be affected adversely, leading to diminished productivity of hybrid rice. The present findings highlight the possibility of genetically engineering the variants of hybrid and transgenic rice having increased activities of RuBisCO enzyme for efficient photosynthesis under water stress. Further, from the practical point of view, an unplanned stress at flowering caused by a very high evaporative demand due to relatively dry or hot wind and/or inadequate irrigation may lead to high yield reductions. Water-management practices may, therefore, be directed and attempted accordingly to avoid losses in rice yield and to protect the plant from water stress during drought.","PeriodicalId":290391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Seeds","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129699274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Salinity Effects on Germination and Establishment of Sorghum Seedlings From Artificially Aged and Primed Seeds","authors":"Alexandre Bosco de Oliveira, José Tarquinio Prisco, J. Enéas-Filho, E. Gomes-Filho","doi":"10.1080/1522886X.2010.527170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1522886X.2010.527170","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this experiment was to assess the effect of salt stress on water uptake, germination and initial growth of seedlings from artificially aged and osmoconditioned sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) seeds. A randomized block design with four replications (a 2 × 2 × 4 factorial design) was used. Two lots of seeds (aged or nonaged); two types of seeds (osmoconditioned or not osmoconditioned), and four levels of salt stress (0, 100, 200, or 300 mM of NaCl) were the factorial treatments. The evaluated parameters were water-uptake rate by the seeds, first count, standard test and speed index of germination, shoot and root lengths, and dry mass. Salt stress had a negative effect on grain sorghum seed; reduced water uptake, seed germination, and initial seedling growth were observed. Priming mitigated the harmful effects of salinity on germination and initial seedling growth from nonaged seeds, but it is not recommended for germination of low vigor seeds under high salinity.","PeriodicalId":290391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Seeds","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130853710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yield and Nitrogen-Use Efficiency of Aromatic Rice Cultivars in Response to Nitrogen Fertilizer","authors":"G. Mahajan, N. Sekhon, Naveen Singh, Ramanjit Kaur, A. Sidhu","doi":"10.1080/1522886X.2010.520145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1522886X.2010.520145","url":null,"abstract":"Aromatic cultivars of rice respond differently to nitrogen application as compared to nonaromatic rice. Most of the aromatic rice cultivars are susceptible to disease and insect pest attack, and are more prone to lodging. Therefore, nitrogen is the key input for increasing the productivity of aromatic rice. Research analyzing the effects of N level on yield and nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) of modern aromatic cultivars is not well documented. Therefore, the present study was conducted to optimize N levels for higher yield and NUE of modern aromatic rice cultivars. Across all genotypes, the mean nitrogen-fertilizer response was highest at 40 kg N/ha as compared to other N levels (0, 20, and 60 kg N/ha), indicating that further increase in N level had no effect on crop response to fertilizer. The mean grain yield increased by 64.2% when plots were supplemented with 40 kg N/ha as compared to control (unfertilized). Among cultivars, ‘Punjab Mehak 1’ registered highest yield (4.3 t/ha), followed by ‘Pusa 1121’ (4.0 t/ha) and ‘Punjab Basmati 2’ (3.9 t/ha). Interactive effect between N levels and cultivars revealed that ‘Punjab Mehak 1’ responded significantly up to 60 kg N/ha due to more NUE and higher N uptake as compared to ‘Pusa 1121’ and ‘Punjab Basmati 2’. Results from this study indicate that genotype differences in NUE existed in aromatic rice cultivars; therefore, NUE of different cultivars could be a useful tool to adopt the appropriate cultural practices for achieving high yield and N response exploration.","PeriodicalId":290391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Seeds","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121125725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seed Dormancy and Germination Testing Protocol for Various Economically Useful Plant Species in the Amaranthaceae Family","authors":"P. Wambugu, D. Nyamongo","doi":"10.1080/1522886X.2010.531380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1522886X.2010.531380","url":null,"abstract":"Effective germplasm conservation through seed banking requires that the viability status of every accession in the seed bank be known. This is normally done by conducting a germination test but is, at times, constrained by the presence of seed dormancy in some of the species. While dormancy release protocols have been developed for a majority of species, the same are lacking for others. The objective of this study was to determine the dormancy releasing procedure of selected species in the family Amaranthaceae to develop a germination-testing protocol for them. In this study, the influence of chilling, incubation temperature, potassium nitrate (KNO3), and dehusking was investigated for 10 wild species. The effect of temperature on seed germination of species in the family was found to be significant (p ≤ .05) with most species performing better at alternating temperatures of 35°C/20°C as compared with constant ones. The effect of dehusking was highly significant on seed germination with the removal of seed covering structures promoting germination in Gomphrena celosioides and Aerva lanata. Application of chilling or KNO3 treatment as dormancy release mechanisms, while causing a positive effect in some species, reduced germination in others. Out of the 10 species that were investigated in the present study, 6 had their seed-testing protocols successfully developed.","PeriodicalId":290391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Seeds","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124721003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smallholder Farmers and Maize in Mexico: A Value-Chain Approach to Improved Targeting of Crop-Breeding Programs","authors":"J. Hellin, A. Keleman, G. Atlin","doi":"10.1080/1522886X.2010.501623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1522886X.2010.501623","url":null,"abstract":"Research on agricultural value chains can identify strategies for farmers to improve their incomes and livelihood security. The trend in such research, however, has often been to focus on making the chains more effective and efficient via improvements in the relationships between chain actors. Value-chain research has less frequently been applied to the seed sector in identifying how plant breeding can best produce seeds that generate a product with the quality characteristics demanded by output markets. In this article, we report on a research initiative to support maize-seed improvement for the central highlands of Mexico. The research was designed to identify quality traits, demanded in regional maize markets, to add to the list of targeted traits which typically guide plant breeding. We report on the methodological approach and the research findings. We then discuss how these findings are being integrated into ongoing maize-breeding programs for the central highlands of Mexico. We suggest that a value-chain analysis can provide useful guidance to crop-breeding programs, providing plant breeders with information on agronomic characteristics required by producers and quality traits demanded by the market.","PeriodicalId":290391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Seeds","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125359373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seeds of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Hybrids Incorporating rin, nor, or alc Alleles Exhibit Heterosis for Yield and Quality Traits","authors":"N. Garg, D. S. Cheema","doi":"10.1080/1522886X.2010.499323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1522886X.2010.499323","url":null,"abstract":"The high price of hybrid seed of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) may be compensated for by realized higher profits obtained from cultivation of hybrids. The objective of the present study was to ascertain the magnitude and direction of relative heterosis in hybrids involving rin, nor, or alc alleles for yield and quality traits, as well as the existence of correlation among relative heterosis for these traits. Significant relative heterosis was observed for all the traits. Not even a single hybrid exhibited significant and negative relative heterosis for marketable yield and number of fruits per plant. The magnitude of relative heterosis varied from −37.06% to 45.72% for average fruit weight, −13.68% to 11.36% for pH, and −53.73% to 54.62% for ascorbic acid. The F1 hybrids of tomato had, in general, higher marketable yield and number of fruits per plant as compared with their mid-parental values. However, the average weight, pH, and ascorbic acid of fruits of tomato hybrids were higher, lower, or equal to their mid-parental values. The increase in yield of most of the hybrids was accompanied by an increase in fruit number, fruit weight and ascorbic acid but was not correlated with increase or decrease in pH. Fruit number played greater role than fruit weight in improving marketable yield of tomato hybrids. Future studies on tomato may be aimed to validate the existence of a correlation among an increase in ascorbic acid of hybrids with a simultaneous increase in their marketable yield, fruit number and fruit weight.","PeriodicalId":290391,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Seeds","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121089500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}