Governing the DeadPub Date : 2021-08-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501756504.003.0005
L. Vu
{"title":"Gendering the Republic","authors":"L. Vu","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501756504.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501756504.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers how the republic was gendered in the sense that it differentiated its male and female population. It argues that men were subjected to Confucianized Republican citizenship, while women were subjected to traditional female chastity, now infused with nationalism. The chapter utilizes a number of petitions from female relatives of revolutionaries who died during various early twentieth-century Republican uprisings, anti–Yuan Shikai movements, the Northern Expedition, and the war against the Communists to demonstrate the relationship between the family and the state as reflected in the Nationalist commendation policy. These petitions, submitted to the Nanjing government, place the dead in a web of familial relationships. The chapter also addresses the changes brought on by the War of Resistance. From the late 1920s to the late 1930s, widows of revolutionaries who had died in anti-imperial uprisings gained autonomy as petitioners and beneficiaries of death stipends. Ultimately, the chapter sheds new light on the gender dynamics of modern Chinese society. It looks at the growing group of feminist men and women who linked women's liberation to the wealth and power of the nation.","PeriodicalId":288753,"journal":{"name":"Governing the Dead","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115078990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Appendix: Major Commemoration and Compensation Regulations","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501756511-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501756511-010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":288753,"journal":{"name":"Governing the Dead","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122312277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501756511-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501756511-014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":288753,"journal":{"name":"Governing the Dead","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129066727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Map","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501756511-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501756511-002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":288753,"journal":{"name":"Governing the Dead","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123916602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Governing the DeadPub Date : 2021-08-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501756504.003.0007
L. Vu
{"title":"Epilogue","authors":"L. Vu","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501756504.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501756504.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter unfolds how the war-dead have shaped modern China. It examines how the Chinese Republic, plagued by war for most of its existence, dealt with deaths in the tens of millions. The fall of the imperial state and subsequent wars did not destroy but strengthened the idea of the Chinese nation and the structure of the Chinese state. The multitude of the war-dead — immobile and silent, but potent and efficacious — empowered both the imagination of the nation and the institutionalization of the state. The chapter also seeks to understand the significance of institutional capacity to manage the dead — to narrativize and memorialize unprecedented mass destruction and to promise relief for the grieving living — to the formation of the modern nation-state in China. Ultimately, it looks at how commemoration turned death into an inalienable part of the making of the modern Chinese nation-state. It further reviews China's commendation and compensation laws in the first three decades of the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":288753,"journal":{"name":"Governing the Dead","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126357660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Acknowledgments","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501756511-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501756511-001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":288753,"journal":{"name":"Governing the Dead","volume":"146 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132180436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Epilogue","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501756511-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501756511-009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":288753,"journal":{"name":"Governing the Dead","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133694044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"2. Defining the Necrocitizenry","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501756511-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501756511-005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":288753,"journal":{"name":"Governing the Dead","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125055122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Governing the DeadPub Date : 2021-08-15DOI: 10.7591/cornell/9781501756504.003.0004
L. Vu
{"title":"Consoling the Bereaved","authors":"L. Vu","doi":"10.7591/cornell/9781501756504.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501756504.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the relationship between the state and bereaved families. It chronicles the political recognition and monetary award received by Gen. Cai E's family from the Nationalist regime. Cai was a military governor of the independent Yunnan Province and hailed as one of the revolutionary predecessors of the Nationalist government. Following the case of Cai E, the chapter reveals how the state turned some deaths into national affairs by bureaucratizing them. The bureaucratization of death manifested in measures for funerary rituals and burials, as well as regulations prescribed for mourning and remembrance. A necrobureaucracy was created to ensure the posthumous wellbeing of the citizenry, with offices such as compensation committees and history bureaus to address requests from petitioners, compile biographies, and investigate thorny cases. The chapter examines how, like a bureaucracy that extracts revenue from the citizenry, a necrobureaucracy extracts value from the dead — as a bonding agent between the state and the living.","PeriodicalId":288753,"journal":{"name":"Governing the Dead","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117347568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Frontmatter","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781501756511-fm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501756511-fm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":288753,"journal":{"name":"Governing the Dead","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132442596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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