Emerging Markets Economics: Environmental & Social Aspects eJournal最新文献

{"title":"The Contemporaneous Impact of Air Pollution on Medical Expenditure: Evidence from Beijing","authors":"Fan Xia, Jianwei Xing, Jintao Xu, Xiaochuan Pan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3684660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3684660","url":null,"abstract":"We identify the contemporaneous effects of PM2.5 concentrations on medical costs in Beijing by analyzing two datasets: one detailing daily air quality indexes over a four-year period, and the other detailing individual-level records of all hospital visits and medical transactions under a government insurance program that covers most city residents. We find that both higher levels of air pollution and longer-lasting pollution episodes significantly increase daily hospital visits and medical expenditures. The elderly bear a disproportionately larger percentage of the increases in hospital treatments and expenditures, especially through out-of-pocket costs. Analysis of multiple-day pollution episodes shows that marginal health costs and marginal hospital visits start to increase significantly once high levels of air pollution continue for a second day. Our findings provide empirical evidence that the intensity and duration of air pollution are critical considerations in policy design.","PeriodicalId":288665,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Environmental & Social Aspects eJournal","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127867533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Contribution of Crafts in Improving the Touristique Image of Essaouira: The Case of Marquetry","authors":"M. Bouragba, F. Elkandoussi","doi":"10.31222/osf.io/qf8ys","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31222/osf.io/qf8ys","url":null,"abstract":"In order to enhance tourism in Morocco, the 2020 vision is concentrating on an integrated and a proactive approach to national land-use planning. Eight territories have been set up, and each one has a positioning that the ministry of tourism plans to promote. Essaouira, which is a part of Marrakech Atlantic territory, is hence, presented as a destination that embodies the art of living. Namely, the marquetry, which is reflecting cultural and artistic identity has played a key role in fostering the touristic image of Essaouira. However, this role is not well highlighted and Essaouira's marquetry is encountering several obstacles that need to be fixed so as to improve this craft, which is the symbol of an entire province. The aim of this article is to evaluate the managerial practices of Essaouira's inlayers, in order to recommend suitable actions for the improvement of the city's marquetry sector and therefore contribute into the enhancement of its touristic image.","PeriodicalId":288665,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Environmental & Social Aspects eJournal","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133539318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental Standards: Government Strategies for Setting Deadlines","authors":"A. Golmohammadi, Tim Kraft, Seyedamin Monemian","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3735492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3735492","url":null,"abstract":"The acceleration of global warming has forced governments to further monitor and regulate the greenhouse gas emissions of industry. One of the simplest and most common approaches that governments use to reduce firms' emissions is to set an environmental standard for firms to comply with before a specific deadline. In this study, we examine how a government should set the deadline for a new standard in a market with two competing firms, both of whom make technology development and production decisions. Our work takes the perspective of the government and emphasizes the timing of her decision, a critical and yet understudied dimension in the literature. We find that, in general, when setting the deadline, the government should focus on how the firms are differentiated. Specifically, when the environmental impact of firms' noncompliance is high, the government should focus on potential differences in the firms' production abilities and leverage the effect of market competition to set an earlier deadline. When instead, the impact is low, the government should focus on whether differences exist between the firms' development capabilities and set a deadline such that all firms comply on time. Extending our base model, we find that (i) a government assistance program can be an effective complementary lever (to a deadline) for decreasing firms' compliance times and costs, and (ii) to ensure compliance, the government should almost always set the deadline in a way to promote collaboration amongst firms.","PeriodicalId":288665,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Environmental & Social Aspects eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128044440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Networks or Performance Impact the Promotion of Chinese Officials? Evidence from Prefecture‐Level Cities","authors":"Chin-Hwa Lu, Chung-Hua Shen","doi":"10.1111/1468-0106.12309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12309","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the effects of connections and economic performance on the promotion of Chinese city mayors. Our study differs from the published literature in four respects. First, this study covers a comprehensive data set, including 1,422 mayors from 284 prefecture‐level cities. The use of a large data set helps resolve mixed results of past studies. Second, we use a broader range of top leaders. Third, we apply a more comprehensive definition of connections than earlier studies. Finally, we examine the effects of the policy shift of the 11th 5‐year plan on promotion of mayors. Our results reveal that the performance of a city mayor assisted his/her promotion to party secretary before 2006 but not afterwards. However, a mayor's connection with five types of top leaders is helpful. Among the four types of connection, colleagueship is the most effective in expediting the promotion of mayors. Graduating from the same university and department is also helpful but to a lesser extent. Township connection is not useful.","PeriodicalId":288665,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Environmental & Social Aspects eJournal","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131253298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Straw Burning, PM 2.5 and Death: Evidence from China","authors":"Guojun He, Tong Liu, Maigeng Zhou","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3439831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3439831","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study uses satellite data to detect agricultural straw burning and estimates its impact on air pollution and health in China. We find that straw burning increases particulate matter pollution and causes people to die from cardiorespiratory diseases. We estimate that a 10 ​μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 increases mortality by 3.25%. Middle-aged and old people in rural areas are particularly sensitive to straw burning pollution. Exploratory analysis of China’s programs to subsidize straw recycling suggests that extending these programs to all the straw burning regions would bring about a health benefit that is an order of magnitude larger than the cost.","PeriodicalId":288665,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Environmental & Social Aspects eJournal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125646399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do Investors Pay Yield Premiums on Green Bonds?","authors":"Irina Ivashkovskaya, A. Mikhaylova","doi":"10.17323/j.jcfr.2073-0438.14.2.2020.7-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17323/j.jcfr.2073-0438.14.2.2020.7-21","url":null,"abstract":"Global shifts in perspectives on environmental concerns and the growing significance of large-scale sustainability programs have brought the issue of green financing to the fore of financial research. In terms of volume, this area has demonstrated high growth rates in various types of capital markets. Unfortunately, few studies exist which explore the yields on green bonds in emerging markets in comparison to developed ones. <br><br>As such, in this paper, we contribute new evidence to the field of green financing and outline several major differences between green issues in these types of capital markets. We study yield premiums of green bonds on a sample of 2,450 green issues and comparable traditional bonds over the period from 2008 to March 2020. We contribute to the literature by new empirical evidence on green financing. Our results provide evidence of small but statistically significant negative premiums on green bonds of 23,4%1 compared to the expected yields for standard issues. We also show that the negative premium on green bonds is more pronounced in developed markets (- 27%2) than in emerging ones (18%3). Moreover, we provide new evidence on the negative premium-liquidity relationship. Our research concludes that negative premiums are related to a higher level of liquidity: green bonds have lower bid-ask spreads and a higher level of liquidity than traditional ones.<br><br>These conclusions can assist investors, potential issuing companies, and public authorities in achieving a better understanding of the current situation of the green bond market in global terms.","PeriodicalId":288665,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Environmental & Social Aspects eJournal","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125429201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sentiment Analysis of Filipinos and Effects of Extreme Community Quarantine Due to Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic","authors":"C. K. Pastor","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3574385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3574385","url":null,"abstract":"The start of the Extreme Community Quarantine in the Philippines last March 2020 became the intervention of the government to slow down the spread of the coronavirus or more commonly known as COVID-19. The Pandemic was interfering many operations in the world which brought challenges to all affected countries which includes the Philippines. This study aims to reveal the sentiment of the Filipinos in the effect of extreme community quarantine caused by COVID-19 Pandemic particularly Luzon. It aims to gather the tweets of Twitter users in the Philippines in Luzon areas. This research also analyzes the effect of extreme community quarantine and other effects of the Pandemic to personal lifestyle based on the tweets of the users. Natural Language Processing is one of the methodologies to determine the sentiment of users from extracted tweets. Opinions are treated as data for analyzation. A qualitative approach was also used in determining the effects of the extreme community quarantine in the Luzon area. The sentiment reveals that most of the Filipinos encountered several problems concerning extreme community quarantine. The general sentiment shows that one basic needs are affected regarding the food supply and support from the government. It is concluded that most of the twitter users in Luzon have negative sentiment over COVID-19, while some users are speaking about the positive effects, it was miscredited to the coronavirus instead of crediting to the decision such as community quarantine, lockdown and social distancing. It is concluded that negative sentiments increase over time, and it is expected that negative sentiments among twitter users increases. It is recommended that intervention should be done based on the requirement of the Filipinos who encounter problem in the food shortage and everyone should support to flatten the curve in order for the operations and life back to normal. This study also aims to provide recommendations in the future.","PeriodicalId":288665,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Environmental & Social Aspects eJournal","volume":"88 12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130771186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traffic, Air Pollution, and Distributional Impacts in Dar Es Salaam: A Spatial Analysis with New Satellite Data","authors":"S. Dasgupta, Somik V. Lall, D. Wheeler","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-9185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-9185","url":null,"abstract":"Air pollution from vehicular traffic is a major source of health damage in urban areas. The problems of urban traffic and pollution are essentially geographic, because their incidence and impacts depend on the spatial distribution of economic activities, households, and transport links. This paper uses satellite images to investigate the spatial dynamics of vehicle traffic, air pollution, and exposure of vulnerable residents in the Dar es Salaam metro region of Tanzania. The results highlight significant impacts of seasonal weather (temperature, humidity, and wind-speed factors) on the spatial distribution and intensity of air pollution from vehicle emissions. These effects on the metro region's air quality vary highly by area. During seasons when weather factors maximize pollution, the worst exposure occurs in areas along the wind path of high-traffic roadways. The research identifies core areas where congestion reduction would yield the greatest exposure reduction for children and the elderly in poor households.","PeriodicalId":288665,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Environmental & Social Aspects eJournal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128444659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Moderating Role of Green Information System over Supply Chain in Promoting Green Innovation and Production","authors":"Kejin Qu, Zuoming Liu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3516068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3516068","url":null,"abstract":"Green innovation and production have been used as a strategic tool to increase sustainability in response to the rising concerns regarding the adverse effect of business behaviors on environment. The sophisticated processes involved in green innovations have been attracting a great amount of attention in business field as well as in academia. Finding ways to increase green innovations is an urgent issue facing many managers. This study proposes a conceptual framework to put a company’s green innovation under the whole supply chain and identify the role of green information system in helping a company to achieve integration with its suppliers and customers and improving its green innovation thereafter. The conceptual framework is proposed and tested empirically by using the data collected from 231 companies in China. This study makes contributions to the literature in finding ways to improve green innovation and production through the management of the whole supply chain, by investigating green innovation over the whole supply chain and identify role of green information system in facilitating the process. This finding is also useful for real-world practitioners in finding practical ways to increase green innovation and production to achieve competitive advantage.","PeriodicalId":288665,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Environmental & Social Aspects eJournal","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127720170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"基于DSGE模型的绿色信贷激励政策研究 (China’s Incentive Policies for Green Loan: A DSGE Approach)","authors":"Yao Wang, Dongyang Pan, Yuchao Peng, Liang Xi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3484817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3484817","url":null,"abstract":"The English version of this paper can be found at <a href=\"http://ssrn.com/abstract=3486211\">http://ssrn.com/abstract=3486211</a>.<br><br><b>Chinese Abstract:</b> 在绿色金融政策实践与有关学术理论快速发展的背景下，本文以绿色信贷的激励政策为切入点，提供一种分析绿色金融政策的理论模型分析框架，并基于模型开展量化的政策效果分析。本文在真实商业周期框架的基础上引入银行部门，通过拆分厂商部门为“绿色”与“其它”两部分，并设置中央银行与财政部门的相关政策，纳入了绿色信贷激励政策。研究发现，针对绿色信贷的贴息、定向降准、再贷款（调整再贷款利率与质押率）均是有效且合意的激励政策，一定强度的政策，不仅能够提高绿色信贷量、在绿色意义上优化经济的结构，而且对总产出、总就业不会造成显著的负面影响，带来“经济”与“环境”双赢的结果。<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> In the context of \"constructing an ecological civilization\" in China, \"green finance\" and \"green loan\" policies that promote capital resource to support sustainable development have developed rapidly in the recent years. Meanwhile, relevant academic research has started to thrive. However, theories and models for green finance and policy analysis based on them are still not enough. This study attempts to develop a theoretical and quantitative model for analysing China’s incentive policies for green loan, and applies this model to find the potential effects of such policies. This will provide a prototype for the modelling work on green financial policy in the academia and help the government better design such policies in the real world.<br><br>In China, green financial policy normally means governmental and regulatory measures aiming to make financial services supportive of environment improvement, climate change mitigation and adoption and more efficient resource utilization. Narrowly, it also refers to financial policy tools and inventions that can incentivize green financing activities, such as interest subsidy, central bank relending, government guarantee, lowering risk weight and capital requirement for green loan (i.e. incentive policies for green loan). These policy tools have been proposed or implemented mainly after the release of the Integrated Reform Plan for Promoting Ecological Progress in 2015 and the Guidelines for Establishing the Green Financial System in 2016 by the central government.<br><br>While the rapid development of green financial policy in practice, relevant academic research lags behind. Previous research on the issue of “green financial policy” are mostly qualitative policy recommendations. Quantitative research on green finance has started in recent years, however, few studies focused on the economic and environmental effects of green financial policy. People can hardly know if this kind of policy is effective and what it will bring to the macro-economy. <br><br>Given the above background, this research aims to provide a theoretical model suitable for the quantitative analysis on incentive policies for green loan, and to theoretical show their economic and environmental effects. The specific policy tools we study include interest subsidy, directional reduction for reserve ratio requirement, and central bank relending for green loan. <br><br>To do this, we build a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model based on the Real Business Cycle (RBC) ","PeriodicalId":288665,"journal":{"name":"Emerging Markets Economics: Environmental & Social Aspects eJournal","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122418421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}