Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change最新文献

{"title":"Mutation breeding of sorghum to support climate-smart agriculture.","authors":"S. Human, Sihono, W. M. Indriatama","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Global climate change effects in agricultural fields often increase plant stress. For mitigating the negative effects of climate change, climate-smart agricultural policies should be developed, for example through the improvement of crop adaptability, productivity and quality in environments impacted by climate change. Attempts to increase crop genetic variability must be sought to aid in mitigating adverse consequences of climate change. For that purpose, mutation breeding plays an important role since it can increase genetic variation of important crops. By selecting desired mutant genotypes, the plant breeder can advance their germplasm by progressing lines with good adaptability, high productivity and quality under adverse conditions. For Indonesia, significant adverse impacts of climate change have appeared in some agricultural regions, such as prolonged drought problems in the east. To face the worsening conditions brought about by climate change and variability, a crop was sought that would require less agricultural input, being drought tolerant, having good adaptability and with high economic value. The choice fell on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). In certain areas sorghum is recognized as a source of food, feed and fuel. Mutation breeding of sorghum has been conducted at the Centre for Isotopes and Radiation Application (CIRA) of the National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN). Sorghum mutation breeding is relevant to the national programme on food and energy diversification to support food and energy security in the country. The breeding objectives are to improve sorghum genotypes for improved yield and quality, and with tolerance to adverse conditions brought about by climate change, especially prolonged drought. Three sorghum mutant varieties have now been obtained and are being developed further by stakeholders. Sorghum cultivation in Indonesia has made significant impacts on mitigating the effects of climate change and supporting the food and energy diversification programme for maintaining food and energy security in the country. It has also promoted economic growth in rural areas impacted by climate change.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121485320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using ionizing radiation for improving the development and yield of agricultural crops.","authors":"S. Geras'kin, R. Churyukin, P. Volkova, S. Bitarishvili","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0043","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The response of barley seedlings was studied after gamma irradiation of seeds with doses in the range of 2-50 Gy. It was shown that stimulation of plant growth occurred in the dose range of 16-20 Gy. The influences of the dose rate, the quality of seeds and their moisture on the manifestation of radiation effects were investigated. We studied, under controlled conditions, the activities of metabolic and antioxidant enzymes and observed an increase in their activity in the range of doses that cause stimulation of seedling growth. We showed that changes in the balance among different classes of phytohormones were probably involved in the acceleration of plant growth after irradiation of seeds using stimulating doses. Gamma irradiation of barley seeds significantly influenced the development of plants during the growing season. After irradiation with stimulating doses, we observed a reduction in the duration of the initial stages of ontogenesis; the phase of full ripeness occurred 5-7 days earlier than in the controls. The manifestation of the effect of irradiation depended on the conditions in which the plants developed. During the growing season of 2014, which was a dry year, plants originating from the irradiated seeds showed an increase in the number of productive stems, which led to an increase in yield by 34-38%; during the optimal 2015 season, an increase in the number of grains per spike caused an increase in yield by 8-29%. Therefore, our field study has shown that at least some hormetic effects can occur in the field. Irradiation of seeds can increase field germination, stimulate the growth and development of plants and increase their resistance to unfavourable environmental conditions. A more complete understanding of the underlying mechanisms of hormesis is needed to exploit its potential benefits in crop production.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130472060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of light and UV-C radiation on the transcriptional activity of COP1 and HY5 gene homologues in barley.","authors":"Irina Boycheva, R. Georgieva, L. Stoilov, V. Manova","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0049","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Photomorphogenic regulators COP1 (Constitutive Photomorphogenic 1) and HY5 (Elongated Hypocotyl 5) play a key role in plant development by guiding the transition from dark to light growth. In Arabidopsis they are also implicated in the transcriptional control of photolyase genes. Here we characterize the transcript abundance of COP1 and HY5 gene homologues in barley in relation to light-grown conditions and UV-damage response. Etiolated and green 6-day-old seedlings were UV-C irradiated and exposed to light or kept in darkness. The abundance of barley COP1 and HY5 transcripts was assessed by real-time RT-PCR. In etiolated leaves we found several-fold lower levels of COP1 transcripts which reached the levels of the green ones after 1 h of light exposure. Barley HY5 transcripts were very low in the dark-grown seedlings and after 1 h of illumination they increased drastically to levels significantly exceeding those measured in the green leaves. Both genes were upregulated by light in the irradiated plants as well, but to a lesser extent compared with their controls, probably due to the presence of non-repaired DNA damage in the etiolated leaves soon after irradiation. The enhanced transcription of barley COP1 under light is unexpected in view of the well-known function of COP1 as a negative regulator of plant photomorphogenesis but conforms to the positive role reported for AtCOP1 in UV-B signalling. HY5 is recognized as a stimulator of light-inducible genes and our data support such a role for the barley HY5 homologue as well. Our study shows that, in barley seedlings, the regulation of COP1 and HY5 gene expression is achieved through light-positive transcriptional modulation, suggesting that both genes contribute to the de-etiolation phase in barley. According to our knowledge, this is the first quantitation of the COP1 and HY5 mRNAs in barley that also regards the UV-damage response of this crop.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133715012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gamma-ray induced pedigreed mutant population of tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius L.): a key resource for forward and reverse genetics.","authors":"S. Choudhary, Anjay Kumar Jambhulkar, H. Sharma, A. A. Kumar, N. Kumari, D. Kumar","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0048","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Narrow genetic diversity in available germplasm is a serious limiting factor for academic progress and agronomic improvement of crops like Corchorus olitorius, an economically important bast fibre crop. Mutation breeding, with its proven ability to improve qualitative as well as quantitative traits, can be employed to augment germplasm diversity. In the present study, gamma-rays were used to treat the seeds of two promising varieties, JRO 204 and JRO 8432; LD50 doses for gamma-rays were 200 Gy and 300 Gy for JRO 204 and JRO 8432, respectively. Irradiation of two varieties has resulted in the development of a large number of macro-mutants, such as twisted bark, extreme dwarf, non-abscission leaf, soft stem, hard stem and round pod mutants. Morphological and anatomical studies of these mutants gave new light on secondary growth in the species. In addition to the academic utility, these mutants will prove of immense importance to plant breeders aiming to improve fibre quality. Moreover, novel mutants will help to develop new plant architecture suitable for diversified applications of the genus.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131626054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gamma-rays in the development of rice lines tolerant to aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides.","authors":"A. de Andrade, A. Tulmann Neto, F. Tcacenco, R. Marschalek, Adriana Pereira, A. M. de Oliveira Neto, K. Scheuermann, E. Wickert, J. A. Noldin","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) herbicides are graminicides with excellent control of many grass weed species, including weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.). These herbicides block fatty acid biosynthesis by inhibition of the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) and cause death of the plant. Through induced mutation of rice seeds with gamma-rays, rice lines resistant to APP have been developed. Plant dose-response assays confirmed resistance to the APP herbicides quizalofop-p-ethyl and haloxyfop-p-methyl. The carboxyl-transferase (CT) domain fragments of ACCase from the resistant line and the susceptible control were sequenced and compared. A point mutation was detected in the amino acid position 2027. Results indicated that resistance to APP herbicides is a consequence of an altered ACCase enzyme that confers resistance. APP-resistant rice provides an option to improve the efficiency of weed management in rice crops.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131998385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Somaclonal variation in clonal crops: containing the bad, exploring the good.","authors":"N. Roux, Rachel Chase, I. Van den houwe, C. Chao, X. Perrier, J. Jacquemoud-Collet, J. Sardos, M. Rouard","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0037","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Somaclonal variation describes random cellular changes in plants regenerated through tissue culture. It occurs in certain crops that undergo micropropagation and has been recorded in different explant sources, from leaves and shoots to meristems and embryos. In banana (Musa spp.), a clonal crop conserved in vitro, somaclonal variation has been observed after prolonged periods in tissue culture, resulting from an increase in subcultures performed on a given clone. According to scientific literature, variants, or off-types, often show characteristics such as abnormal growth and flower or fruit defects in frequencies ranging from 1% to 32%. This variation poses a problem for gene bank managers, whose mandate is to maintain the genetic integrity of their collections for research and breeding. In the case of the Bioversity International Musa Germplasm Transit Centre (ITC), stress during the in vitro process is minimized by various techniques and plants are regenerated after 10 years, making it a long and costly process. Identifying somaclonal variation at an early stage would be an ideal solution; however, this requires suitable molecular markers. Recent studies revealed that techniques such as direct DNA sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are able to detect the underlying factors of somaclonal variation and are becoming more accessible. On the other hand, somaclonal variation can be beneficial as it allows the natural development of new varieties and supplies genetic stocks used for future genetic studies. Harnessing the diversity of somaclones is easier, faster and cheaper compared with other methods of crop improvement, although it is also less predictable. So far, variants of crops such as apple, strawberry, potato and banana have been successfully adopted into global markets. In this chapter, we will discuss how to minimize the adverse effects of somaclonal variation while maximizing its benefits for greater crop diversity, with a particular focus on banana.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120961154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"60Co gamma irradiation-induced mutation in vegetatively propagated Philodendron erubescens 'Gold'.","authors":"Dayani Karunananda, R. Ranathunga, W. Abeysinghe","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 \u0000 Philodendron erubescens 'Gold', an ornamental plant and a popular climber with brilliant greenish yellow leaves, is used in indoor gardening and landscaping. It is commonly propagated through vegetative cuttings, thus incorporation of new traits through conventional breeding is impracticable. As commercial floriculture always demands novel varieties, this study was carried out to induce mutation in P. erubescens 'Gold' leaves using gamma- ray irradiation. Rooted cuttings (n = 200) of P. erubescens 'Gold' were subjected to 70 Gy, 100 Gy and 150 Gy gamma-rays and recovered on a propagator. Surviving shoots were transferred to pots. Regenerated shoots were multiplied vegetatively and ten M1 lines were maintained as M1-1 to M1-10 for 12 generations (M1V12) to evaluate growth and morphological variations along with their genetic stability. Of all 70 Gy and 100 Gy treated cuttings, 24 and two, respectively, survived after 6 months. Most of the irradiated plants had lost regeneration ability except for two M1 plants, which also showed comparatively reduced growth (one leaf in 45 days). Only one regenerated M1 plant showed morphological variation in its leaves and it was multiplied and maintained as lines. Several variations, including characteristics of leaves (shape, size, colour), stems (internodal length and branching) and plant stature, were observed among M1 lines and in subsequent vegetative generations. Leaves had three different colour patches, but neither the colour nor its distribution pattern was uniform or stable. The M1-4 line showed the highest stability of colour distribution in leaves; the colour composition of its leaves ranged as 0-10% dark bluish green, 60-90% strong yellow green and 10-30% brilliant greenish yellow throughout the 12 generations. This study demonstrates that gamma irradiated P. erubescens 'Gold' line M1-4 can be a promising mutant to develop as a new Philodendron cultivar.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127533268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Induced mutagenesis for improvement of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in Bulgaria.","authors":"S. Sofkova-Bobcheva, I. Pantchev, I. Kiryakov, P. Chavdarov, Y. Muhovski, F. Sarsu, N. Tomlekova","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 Although historically a surplus food producer, Bulgarian agriculture has faced a downturn in recent decades. Local legume cultivars have lost favour with farmers and the canning industry, due to their low productivity in comparison with imported ones. Diseases and abiotic stresses are the most important factors limiting the production of edible legumes, costing farmers hundreds of euros in lost revenue each year. The overall objective of our ongoing bean mutation breeding programme was to enrich the gene pool of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and to develop genotypes resistant to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Smith) (Xap) and Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola (Burkh.) (Psp) using EMS. An elite line and common cultivar (an heirloom and a snap bean type) in Bulgaria, were selected as parents and the chemical mutagen EMS was used for generating mutations. In total, 1000 seeds were treated and the two generated M1 populations were grown in the field. All M2 mutant plants (1650 from initial line IP564 and 2420 from initial cultivar 'Mastilen 11b') were grown in field conditions and a number of phenotypic changes were observed on these mutated plants. They were also screened for Xap disease resistance via leaf artificial inoculation under greenhouse conditions. Individual plant selection was performed for the putatively resistant M2 plants. In the M3 generation these lines were screened using artificial inoculation with Xap and Psp pathogens (leaves and pods) under field conditions. Selected M3-M4 lines with confirmed disease resistance were tested for fresh pod quality. Yield tests were started in M4 and M5 generations and, according to their productivity performance, mutants were advanced to the M6/M7 generation for validation. The expression patterns of genes putatively involved in the resistance reactions towards two races of Psp were determined using qRT-PCR for the specific and reference genes. In conclusion, 50 plants with visible morphological changes and/or increased tolerance to the two targeted bacterial diseases were selected. A total of 20 advanced mutant bean lines are currently being evaluated for their competitiveness in multiple sites.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114884665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The power of next-generation sequencing and machine learning for causal gene finding and prediction of phenotypes.","authors":"A. Sowa, L. Dußling, J. Hagmann, Sebastian J. Schultheiss","doi":"10.1079/9781789249095.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0041","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 The wide application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has facilitated and accelerated causal gene finding and breeding in the field of plant sciences. A wide variety of techniques and computational strategies is available that needs to be appropriately tailored to the species, genetic architecture of the trait of interest, breeding system and available resources. Utilizing these NGS methods, the typical computational steps of marker discovery, genetic mapping and identification of causal mutations can be achieved in a single step in a cost- and time-efficient manner. Rather than focusing on a few high-impact genetic variants that explain phenotypes, increased computational power allows modelling of phenotypes based on genome-wide molecular markers, known as genomic selection (GS). Solely based on this genotype information, modern GS approaches can accurately predict breeding values for a given trait (the average effects of alleles over all loci that are anticipated to be transferred from the parent to the progeny) based on a large training population of genotyped and phenotyped individuals (Crossa et al., 2017). Once trained, the model offers great reductions in breeding speed and costs. We advocate for improving conventional GS methods by applying advanced techniques based on machine learning (ML) and outline how this approach can also be used for causal gene finding. Subsequent to genetic causes of agronomically important traits, epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation play a crucial role in shaping phenotypes and can become interesting targets in breeding pipelines. We highlight an ML approach shown to detect functional methylation changes sensitively from NGS data. We give an overview about commonly applied strategies and provide practical considerations in choosing and performing NGS-based gene finding and NGS-assisted breeding.","PeriodicalId":287197,"journal":{"name":"Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133251624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}