2018 71st Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE)最新文献

{"title":"Back to the basics — Event analysis using symmetrical components","authors":"Amanvir Sudan","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349778","url":null,"abstract":"This paper highlights the use of symmetrical components for simplifying the analysis of events with uncommonly seen fault waveforms. The paper goes back to the roots and gives a brief refresher on symmetrical component theory. Then, three real-world events involving transformers are presented along with the relay event oscillography. A hypothesis is developed for each event to explain the waveforms, and then corresponding sequence networks are solved for phase currents to verify the hypothesis.","PeriodicalId":285875,"journal":{"name":"2018 71st Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE)","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115154145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applying intelligent fast load shed using IEC 61850 GOOSE","authors":"J. Theron, Troy Wilsey, A. Colonnese, Russell Gagner, S. Rowe","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349775","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial facilities with co-generation are in critical need of load shedding to prevent collapse of the cogeneration assets. Load shedding should be sub-cycle speed to manage thousands of distributed loads within a facility. This paper describes the capabilities of such a fast load shedding scheme spanning across a wide array of relays provided by various vendors and potentially a large quantity, and a case study system and experience of applying such a system. The fast load shed scheme described in this paper utilizes a proven system and makes it easy to configure larger and more complex load shed schemes. The paper describes the proposed architecture of a centralized fast load shed controller-based scheme interfaced with local generator/feeder/transformer/motor protection relays over IEC 61850 GOOSE. A major challenge of such a large-scale load shed scheme deployment is the configuration of devices, especially the IEC 61850 GOOSE engineering process which may add further complexity. This paper also discusses IEC 61850 GOOSE scheme configuration with high-speed performance requirements. Lessons learned from the case study fast load shed scheme deployment, testing and operations are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":285875,"journal":{"name":"2018 71st Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE)","volume":"175 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121723367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive protection — What does it mean and what can it do?","authors":"R. Moxley, F. Becker","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349769","url":null,"abstract":"As soon as protection uses an outside variable to change an operating characteristic it becomes adaptive, but levels of adaptability and the need for it are changing. As renewable generation resources, such as wind and solar, replace large synchronous machines, protection needs change. This paper focuses on how changes in the bulk power system impact protection settings and how those settings can be optimized to reflect changing system conditions. Techniques for initiating and communicating the change commands are discussed. The interconnection of protection, wide area control, and automation are evaluated to present not only what is and can be done today but what will need to be and could be done tomorrow. Communications between these systems is a limiting factor, and an enabling factor, for adaptive protection to make it possible to maintain system stability during the rapid changes we are seeing. The speed of the message from an Energy Management System (EMS) to the relays impacts the protection characteristics that can be changed. The protocol used to send a message impacts both the speed and the devices that can be made adaptive. The information available to be transmitted by the protocol defines how adaptations can be made. True adaptive protection is a combination of advanced algorithms, communications, and shared information. Forces outside the control of the electric power industry have determined that changes are coming to force new requirements on protection and control. This paper presents how adaptive solutions will meet those new requirements.","PeriodicalId":285875,"journal":{"name":"2018 71st Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130750216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CCVT failures and their effects on distance relays","authors":"Sophie Gray, D. Haas, R. McDaniel","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349781","url":null,"abstract":"Distance relays rely on accurate voltage and current signals to correctly determine if a fault is within their zone of protection, as determined by the impedance reach setting. The current signal provided to the relay comes from a current transformer (CT), which is a simple device consisting of a steel core and wire wrapped around that core. At high voltage levels, the voltage signal typically comes from a coupling-capacitor voltage transformer (CCVT), which is more complicated and less reliable than a CT. Although a CCVT is more complex than a CT, very little additional attention is typically given to monitor the performance of a CCVT. Typically, loss-of-potential (LOP) logic is used to detect a loss of the voltage signal to the relay, but the LOP logic does not effectively monitor and alarm for transient CCVT errors, errors small in scale, or errors that develop gradually. In this paper, we review three unique CCVT failure events and discuss relay performance during these failures. We analyze the performance of two different distance relays during a CCVT failure in which the voltage applied to the relays was erratic and influenced the frequency tracking in one relay but not the other. Next, we discuss an event in which a CCVT transient led to a relay overreach but also revealed that the CCVT was failing. Last, we analyze an event in which a CCVT failure caused a standing measurement error prior to a phase-to-ground fault and evaluate the influence of a standing unbalance of the directional elements of the relay. From these events, we offer solutions for monitoring CCVT performance that include steady-state monitoring as well as transient characteristics to look for while analyzing events.","PeriodicalId":285875,"journal":{"name":"2018 71st Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE)","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127176386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substation testing and commissioning: Power transformer through fault test","authors":"M. Talebi, Y. Unludag","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349827","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the advantage of performing transformer through-fault test in substation testing and commissioning prior to the actual energization in addition of theory of testing and numerical procedure. This test allows the engineer and relay technicians to validate all the CTs and PTs secondaries, transformer winding configuration, protective relays and wiring correctness and circuit. The value and benefit of performing this test is also shown in real world project.","PeriodicalId":285875,"journal":{"name":"2018 71st Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE)","volume":"317 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122973319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Setting and verification of generation protection to meet NERC reliability standards","authors":"Xiangmin Gao, Tom Ernst, D. Rust","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349821","url":null,"abstract":"NERC has recently published several reliability standards PRC-019, PRC-024 and PRC-026. Together with the existing standards PRC-001 and PRC-025, these standards set out the generation and generation interconnection relays reliability requirements for Bulk Electric System (BES). The protection relays are required not only to provide adequate protection to generators, step-up power transformers and unit auxiliary transformers, but also to comply with these standards to avoid tripping off generators during various power system disturbances. This paper first reviews these standards, and studies their impact to the protection functions, such as: To identify the generation and generation interconnection protection relays that are subject to the various NERC standards; How to set and verify the distance/loss-of-field/out-of-step protection elements for stable power swing compliance; How to set and verify the under-and over-frequency voltage protection elements for generator protection and to satisfy the NERC frequency and voltage ride through requirements; How to set and verify the over-excitation and loss-of-field protection elements to coordinate with generator excitation limiters. The paper then analyzes a few cases where the protection relay settings do not meet the reliability standards due to commonly overlooked items, such as the voltage drop, voltage tap position on the step-up transformer and relay over-excitation curve selection.","PeriodicalId":285875,"journal":{"name":"2018 71st Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129595589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using the multi-loop fault analysis method for setting and evaluating generator protection elements","authors":"R. Chowdhury, D. Finney, N. Fischer","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349835","url":null,"abstract":"Stator winding interturn, interbranch, and series faults can result in large circulating currents in the faulted coils. Generator protection elements may not be sensitive enough to detect these fault conditions until the fault evolves into a phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground fault. Large machines have been severely damaged by delayed or failed protection system operation. Determining fault quantities for the various possible internal faults is not trivial and requires the aid of numerical models. Protection element models can then be used to determine the protection coverage provided by these elements. Certain machine modeling methods are useful for analyzing external faults or power system transients but are not appropriate for analyzing internal faults. The most commonly used machine models use dq0 transformation and assume an ideal equivalent model of the machine derived from its normal operating mode using lumped winding parameters. Consequently, these models ignore the effect of the strong harmonics that result from the internal machine asymmetry during internal faults. Alternate methods, such as symmetrical component analysis or phase-coordinate methods, are simplified models that introduce large errors during internal asymmetric conditions. The multi-loop method treats a machine as a set of loops in relative motion. The method involves a permeance analysis of the machine to calculate the time-variant electric parameters of the stator branches and rotor loops. The stator branches (including fault branches) are converted to loops via a transformation matrix corresponding to the state of the machine. The model is then solved using a numerical method. Because the multi-loop method uses machine geometry and winding design information, it preserves the harmonics that result from internal faults. The transformation matrix provides a simple and intuitive mechanism to apply internal faults in the fractional winding. In this paper, we validate the multi-loop method using test data from a scale-model machine in a lab. We then use the fault quantities obtained from the multi-loop method to determine the sensitivity and coverage provided by various generator internal-fault protection algorithms for the lab machine.","PeriodicalId":285875,"journal":{"name":"2018 71st Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128560857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New methods for monitoring neutral grounding resistors","authors":"R. Jafari, M. Kanabar, I. Voloh, T. Sidhu","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349811","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical power systems control arcing current and electrical shock hazard by proper neutral grounding such as high resistance grounding. The high resistance neutral grounding resistors fail due to vibration, intermittent arcs, corrosion, etc. and cause the risk of the system being ungrounded, or solidly grounded. In this paper, two efficient solutions are introduced that provide continuous monitoring of such resistors installed at neutral of two most common configurations of the unit-connected generators. The first proposed method relies on the third harmonic of neutral and residual voltages, and the second technique employs the sub-harmonic injection based generator stator ground protection. The proposed methods show satisfying performance under different conditions of the resistor and generator, observed through comprehensive software analysis and further hardware validations. The first proposed monitoring method has been retrofitted to an industrial generator protection relay which no longer maloperates due to failed-short neutral grounding resistor. Proposed techniques can be incorporated into digital protective relays, which will monitor and alarm in case of the failed grounding resistor.","PeriodicalId":285875,"journal":{"name":"2018 71st Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE)","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124369565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teleprotection with MPLS ethernet communications — Development and testing of practical installations","authors":"Tariq Rahman, James Moralez, S. Ward, E. Udren, M. Bryson, K. Garg","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349828","url":null,"abstract":"Today's information technology (IT) advancement is driving both non-operational and operational data communications within a substation towards Ethernet-based communications networks. As a result, protective relay engineers are finding that the telecommunications industry is transitioning from legacy teleprotection channels such as leased circuits, Time Division Multiplexed Synchronous Optical Networks (TDM SONET) multiplexers and rings, over to Ethernet packet-based wide-area networks (WANs). The current, most common WAN packet routing technology is Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS).","PeriodicalId":285875,"journal":{"name":"2018 71st Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130131391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Learn IEC 61850 configuration in 30 minutes","authors":"Wei Huang","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2018.8349803","url":null,"abstract":"The myth says IEC 61850 is too complicated to use with a steep learning curve. The traditional IEC 61850 learning path is to go through IEC 61850 standard then start IEC 61850 configuration. User spent days to go through massive content of the standard, which includes 10 parts, 27 documents, and more than 4,000 pages. The standard adopts modern communication and computer science technologies like 7-layer communication model, XML (Extensible Markup Language), Unified Model Language (UML), Object Oriented Design (OOD) and others. Many potential users are discouraged with the overwhelming information during the IEC 61850 training. One of IEC 61850 standard's goals is to shorten system engineering time. Learning the know-how presented a challenge with such massive content. It is possible to get a fundamental understanding of standard and be ready for IEC 61850 configuration in 30 minutes. Two basic questions from protection relay engineer's point of view are “Where is the data?” and “How to get the data?” This paper provides an alternate approach to comprehend core components of IEC 61850: Semantic Hierarchical Object Data model and two communication services: Client — Server and Publish — Subscribe. IEC 61850 configuration is demonstrated as preparing the data list following the data model and setting parameters for communication services. This approach has been well received and has provided satisfactory results in recent IEC 61850 configuration training sessions.","PeriodicalId":285875,"journal":{"name":"2018 71st Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE)","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133897463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}