{"title":"Physiological Effects of Altered Barometric Pressure","authors":"C. Piantadosi","doi":"10.1002/0471435139.HYG023.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471435139.HYG023.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Scientists of the twentieth century have been fortunate to participate in the most exciting period of discovery in human environmental physiology. New biomedical knowledge coupled with a technological revolution has given human beings the opportunity to visit and explore the depths of the ocean and the frontiers of space. Such extreme environments present the physiologist with the challenge of defining reasonable parameters for physiological tolerance so that life support systems can be engineered to maximize our opportunity to interact with the environment. Among the most troublesome environmental factors are heat and cold, exposure to radiation, effects of acceleration and microgravity, hypoxia and hyperoxia, and extremes of barometric pressure. Nonetheless, humans can survive for many weeks or months in many exceptional environments ranging from high altitude near the vacuum of space to simulated undersea depths of more than 70 atmospheres of pressure absolute (ATA). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Abrupt or extreme changes in barometric pressure account for many of the injuries and deaths connected with the practice of aviation and diving. Physiological problems arise most commonly in association with rapid decompression from a higher pressure to a lower one, such as rapid ascent from depth under water, or to high altitude. These problems may arise from technical or procedural failures and from our incomplete understanding of inert gas transport and gas elimination from body tissues. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000High-pressure environments have an important role in modern society for many reasons. The earliest engineering application of high pressure, to maintain dry working conditions in caissons and tunnels, continues today, and it extracts a toll in decompression sickness and aseptic bone necrosis from workers who undergo daily decompression after long shifts in compressed air. As the demand to exploit undersea resources such as oil has increased, so has the working depth and time, and hence the medical vulnerability, of the diver. In relatively shallow diving with air and mixed gases, many commercial and military divers rely on surface supplied gear to provide respirable gas and continuous communication with surface tenders. These diving rigs provide an unlimited supply of breathing gas to the working diver in open, semiclosed, or closed (rebreathing) circuits. In addition, thousands of commercial, military, and scientific divers also have been trained to use self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) to work in shallow water. For some 50 years, the availability of lightweight, open-circuit SCUBA and low-resistance regulators has opened up recreational diving possibilities for thousands of sports divers. Finally, the growth of therapeutic hyperbaric oxygen as well as and the need to provide recompression therapy to the injured diver results in the routine exposure of patients, physicians, nurses, and other medical personnel to hyperbaric environments. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000Barom","PeriodicalId":285797,"journal":{"name":"Patty's Industrial Hygiene","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127670224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fire Safety in the Workplace","authors":"R. Custer, P. Powell","doi":"10.1002/0471435139.HYG124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471435139.HYG124","url":null,"abstract":"The present study provides an overview of the terminology and concepts of fire safety with particular emphasis on the workplace setting. Various issues, such as fire protection codes, standards, and regulations, fire safety fundamentals, features of building construction related to fire protection and employee response to emergencies have been examined. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA); \u0000OSHA regulations; \u0000fire dynamics; \u0000fire drills; \u0000design; \u0000fire scenarios; \u0000heat release rate (HRR); \u0000performance-based file safety design","PeriodicalId":285797,"journal":{"name":"Patty's Industrial Hygiene","volume":"22 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131840591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Occupational Safety and Health Law","authors":"J. Howard, Steven C. Smith","doi":"10.1002/0471435139.HYG112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471435139.HYG112","url":null,"abstract":"In 1970, Congress passed the Occupational Safety and Health Act (“OSH Act”) which established a national system for workplace safety and health standards development, standards enforcement and consultative assistance under the administrative implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The OSH Act imposes duties on employers to comply with OSHA's safety and health standards under a system of civil and criminal sanctions, and provides for a number of employee inspection participation and anti-discrimination rights. The OSH Act also established the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to conduct research that would inform OSHA about emerging workplace safety and health risks. The chapter provides an overview of the major provisions of the OSH Act as they have been administratively implemented by OSHA and judicially interpreted by the courts in the years since its enactment with an emphasis on OSHA's health standards that are used in the practice of industrial hygiene. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000standard; \u0000permissible exposure limit (PEL); \u0000judicial review; \u0000inspection; \u0000warrant; \u0000violation; \u0000citation; \u0000civil penalty; \u0000criminal penalty; \u0000Review Commission; \u0000NIOSH; \u0000state plan","PeriodicalId":285797,"journal":{"name":"Patty's Industrial Hygiene","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125380896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mathematical Modeling of Indoor Air Contaminant Concentrations","authors":"M. Nicas","doi":"10.1002/0471435139.HYG086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471435139.HYG086","url":null,"abstract":"Several physical-chemical mathematical models have been popularized as an exposure estimation method for occupational indoor air contaminants. Although direct air sampling is preferred traditionally, there are situations in which monitoring is not feasible. In such cases, mathematical modeling has been developed to estimate exposure intensity. Because modeling is theoretical and based on explicit assumptions, many occupational hygienists believe that modeling exposure estimates are too uncertain. The present study finds that the air sampling needs a statistical approach that eliminates investigator bias. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000The three elements of a physical-chemical model have also been addressed. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000indoor air contaminants; \u0000statistical analysis; \u0000dispersion pattern; \u0000well-mixed room (WMR)","PeriodicalId":285797,"journal":{"name":"Patty's Industrial Hygiene","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131741860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems","authors":"C. Redinger, K. Dotson, A. Leibowitz","doi":"10.1002/0471435139.HYG049.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471435139.HYG049.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Occupational health and safety management systems (OHSMS) are a powerful risk management tool. They provide IH and EHS professionals with a robust and structured management approach. OHS management systems have significant roots in the quality management systems developed in United Sates in the early 20th century. ISO and other NGO standards have been developed with an eye toward the value of conformity assessment to ensure a common application of specific objectives identified in applicable standards. The pyramid model has been used as a powerful tool to help OHS professionals and their organizations to develop and implement OHS management systems. Besides this, numerous implementation steps for OHS management systems have been discussed. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000industrial hygiene (IH); \u0000environmental health and safety (EHS) management; \u0000International Organization for Standardization (ISO); \u0000internal audit; \u0000risk management; \u0000performance improvement","PeriodicalId":285797,"journal":{"name":"Patty's Industrial Hygiene","volume":"376 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127585150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Product Stewardship: A Viable Practice for the Industrial Hygienist","authors":"D. Agopsowicz, T. Grumbles","doi":"10.1002/0471435139.HYG115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471435139.HYG115","url":null,"abstract":"The article summarizes the principles and practice of Product Stewardship to give the reader a working understanding of this growing professional niche. Product Stewardship is a significant regulatory and health protection activity required for all commercial entities, which create, market, transport, import or dispose of hazardous materials. Many of the major chemical manufacturing, processing, and distribution companies are committed to performance programs through their trade associations All of these programs define elements and expectations for Product Stewardship. The number and complexity of PS regulations continues to grow globally with the implementation of REACH, GHS, expanded EPA Inventory requirements and a growing list of participating countries. The typical qualifications and capabilities of a professional industrial hygienist compare well with the competency requirements for the practice of PS. Also, the involvement of government agencies and private advocacy groups and institutions in Product Stewardship activities have been addressed. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000IH practitioners; \u0000environmental; \u0000health and safety (EHS); \u0000hazard communication regulations; \u0000chemical safety report (CSR); \u0000product stewardship","PeriodicalId":285797,"journal":{"name":"Patty's Industrial Hygiene","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122142240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Laszcz‐Davis, D. Akers, Esquire Karen J. Nardi, Margaret D. Buckalew, L. Gibbs, J. Jabara, Fabrice Lebourgeois, Ron R. McHaney, S. P. Pereira
{"title":"Emergency and Disaster: Preparedness, Response, and Recovery","authors":"C. Laszcz‐Davis, D. Akers, Esquire Karen J. Nardi, Margaret D. Buckalew, L. Gibbs, J. Jabara, Fabrice Lebourgeois, Ron R. McHaney, S. P. Pereira","doi":"10.1002/0471435139.HYG116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471435139.HYG116","url":null,"abstract":"Emergency preparedness, response and recovery is an ongoing process of planning and responding effectively to the occurrence of an event (planned or unplanned), as well as addressing the issue of recovery and restoration of operations and lives following an event. Industrial Hygienists' technical expertise as part of a team on occupational and environmental health and safety issues, is applicable to a variety of natural disasters, hazardous chemical, biological or radiological releases, and terrorism events. The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) is the premier association of occupational and environmental health and safety professionals and plays a crucial role on the front line of worker health and safety every day. In emergency planning/disaster preparedness, specific local, state, and federal roles and activities are defined, with laws outlining each governmental level's responsibilities. The “all hazards” Integrated Contingency Plan (ICP) provides a mechanism to consolidate existing concepts into a single functional plan structure. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000Emergency response; \u0000OSHA standards; \u0000Chemical Safety Board (CSB); \u0000pollution legal liability (PLL) policies; \u0000natural threats","PeriodicalId":285797,"journal":{"name":"Patty's Industrial Hygiene","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128106964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Health and Safety Factors in Designing an Industrial Hygiene Laboratory","authors":"Robert G. Lieckfield, M. Macomber","doi":"10.1002/0471435139.HYG063.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471435139.HYG063.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter discusses design considerations and the health and safety factors for designing and operating the industrial hygiene laboratory, it is intended to help management plan new laboratory construction or remodel existing laboratory spaces. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000laboratory ventilation; \u0000chemical storage; \u0000laboratory design; \u0000laboratory construction planning; \u0000laboratory health and safety consideratusn","PeriodicalId":285797,"journal":{"name":"Patty's Industrial Hygiene","volume":"56 36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114402123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Basic Aerosol Science","authors":"P. Reist","doi":"10.1002/0471435139.HYG010.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471435139.HYG010.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Aerosol contaminants can be injurious to health, therefore it is essential to understand the behavior and properties of the aerosol. Health effects caused by aerosols depends on particle size and size distribution as well as on the composition of the particles. Other aerosol behavior including light scattering and coagulation can also vary markedly with particle size. This chapter focuses on various properties of the aerosol particle which influence the behavior, such as Stokes law, Reynolds number, Cunningham correction factor, particle motion, electrical properties, and optical properties. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000particle size; \u0000particle bounce; \u0000brownian motion; \u0000homogeneous nucleation","PeriodicalId":285797,"journal":{"name":"Patty's Industrial Hygiene","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116449420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Mode of Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination of Toxic Materials","authors":"F. Mirer","doi":"10.1002/0471435139.HYG072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/0471435139.HYG072","url":null,"abstract":"Toxicology supports health risk assessments that generate exposure limits for chemicals. A toxic effect is presumed proportional to the concentration of the proximal toxicant at the target site of action. Uptake, distribution, metabolism and excretion of a toxicant explain the action of the agent and the variation in potency between exposure circumstances, species, and agents with similar mode of action. The proximal toxicant may be the parent compound or a product of metabolism of the toxic agent. Portals for entry into the body in the occupational environment are primarily inhalation and skin absorption. The most prominent determinants of absorption are physical state, particle size and lipid solubility. The liver is the most prominent organ for metabolism of toxicants, oxidation by Cytochrome P450 enzymes the most prominent metabolic pathway for activation and detoxification. Excretion pathways include exhalation of volatile compounds, transport of polar compounds to urine by the kidney and transport of lipid soluble compounds to feces via bile. Examples of agents and detailed discussion of the structure of organ systems are given. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000Cytochrome P450; \u0000uptake; \u0000distribution; \u0000xenobiotics; \u0000exposure limits","PeriodicalId":285797,"journal":{"name":"Patty's Industrial Hygiene","volume":"140 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124434422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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