{"title":"5. Creating Saints and Communities","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9780691184180-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691184180-011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":284328,"journal":{"name":"Christian Martyrs under Islam","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130449086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Appendix 1. Comparing Christian and Muslim Accounts of Martyrdom","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9780691184180-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691184180-013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":284328,"journal":{"name":"Christian Martyrs under Islam","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129831204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Creating Saints and Communities","authors":"Christian C. Sahner","doi":"10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691179100.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691179100.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers what hagiography meant as a genre of literature in the postconquest period. It investigates the rhetorical goals of these texts, arguing that many were written by monks and priests to discourage conversion to Islam and to condemn Christians who were drawn too closely to Arab culture. It then suggests that the martyrologies enshrined the views of one side of an intra-Christian debate about the threats of Islamization and Arabization. The chapter is organized into three sections. The first examines the social and religious backdrop of martyrology-writing, namely, the perceived threat of Islamization and Arabization. The second section discusses the authors of the texts and their motives. The third section explores how these attitudes mapped onto Christian sectarianism in the early medieval Middle East.","PeriodicalId":284328,"journal":{"name":"Christian Martyrs under Islam","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129706341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trying and Killing Christian Martyrs","authors":"Christian C. Sahner","doi":"10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691179100.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691179100.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The previous chapters examined behaviors that precipitated violence against Christians in the early Islamic period. This chapter turns to the nature of the violence itself: How did Muslim officials execute Christian martyrs, what were the social functions of capital punishment, and did the violence amount to a broad-based persecution of Christians by the Muslim state? The chapter is divided into three sections, each of which describes a different stage of the martyr's journey through the judicial system. The first explores how martyrs came into the custody of the state and, once incarcerated, how they were tried and sentenced. The second examines the implementation of Qurʾanic punishments against martyrs, showing that specifically Islamic forms of punishment were being used against apostates and blasphemers at a very early date. The third section highlights one of the most common forms of punishment against neomartyrs: punitive burning.","PeriodicalId":284328,"journal":{"name":"Christian Martyrs under Islam","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126201875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Converting to Islam and Returning to Christianity","authors":"Christian C. Sahner","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691179100.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691179100.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the nature of conversion in the early medieval Middle East by focusing on the first half of these convert martyrs, who began their lives as Christians, embraced Islam, and then returned to Christianity. Among these, there were several subgroups, including Christians who converted to Islam as slaves or prisoners, Christians who converted under disputed or contingent circumstances, and martyrs who were brought up in religiously mixed families. Because of the contingent nature of this process, conversions could also be undone, leading to sizable numbers of apostates over the course of the seventh, eighth, and ninth centuries. Even if the number of apostates paled in comparison with the number of those who converted and remained Muslims, their paths in and out of Islam tells a great deal about how conversion worked, especially the myriad social, spiritual, economic, and political pressures that powered religious change in the period.","PeriodicalId":284328,"journal":{"name":"Christian Martyrs under Islam","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121311860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Converting from Islam to Christianity","authors":"Christian C. Sahner","doi":"10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691179100.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691179100.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores a small and neglected group of martyrs who converted from Islam to Christianity. It is divided into five sections: the first surveys the evidence for true apostasy in legal, historical, and ritual literature written by Muslims and Christians. The second discusses the life of the most famous of all the neomartyrs, Anthony al-Qurash ī, who was executed in 799 after allegedly converting from Islam to Christianity. The third explores two instances of true apostasy from the early medieval Caucasus, while the fourth examines several examples from Iraq, Egypt, and al-Andalus. The fifth and final section revisits the Life of Anthony and investigates its connection to a cluster of legends about the conversion of the caliph and other high-ranking Muslim officials. The conclusion offers general reflections about the nature and portrayal of conversion, contending that Islamization must be seen as a fragile, highly contingent process in the early period.","PeriodicalId":284328,"journal":{"name":"Christian Martyrs under Islam","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115154971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Making of the Muslim World","authors":"Christian C. Sahner","doi":"10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691179100.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/PRINCETON/9780691179100.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This concluding chapter considers the chronology of the martyrdoms as a way of measuring the pace of Islamization and Arabization in the postconquest period. It suggests that the apparent surge in violence between 750 and 800 may have come about as Muslims and Christians began interacting with each other for the very first time as members of a shared society, rather than as rulers and subjects in a divided world, as they had done for much of the immediate postconquest period. This, in turn, destabilized relations between the two communities, giving rise to new anxieties about social and religious differentiation. The chapter also considers the legacy of the martyrs from the Middle Ages to the present, as well as the role martyrs played in the process of community formation for various emergent sects in the early medieval period, Christian and Muslim alike.","PeriodicalId":284328,"journal":{"name":"Christian Martyrs under Islam","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124951152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Blaspheming against Islam","authors":"Christian C. Sahner","doi":"10.23943/princeton/9780691179100.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691179100.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter investigates the history of Christian blasphemy against Islam. It argues that blasphemy emerged as a specific form of social and theological protest against Islam among heavily assimilated but unconverted Christians in the early Middle Ages. Some of the Christians most likely to blaspheme were, paradoxically, those who were closest to Muslims. These included the children of religiously mixed families, Christian officials of the Muslim state, and residents of religiously mixed cities. Thus, it was precarious proximity to the religious other—coupled with the attendant feeling of suffocation and loss—that seems to have compelled some Christians to “take a stand” by blaspheming.","PeriodicalId":284328,"journal":{"name":"Christian Martyrs under Islam","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125500537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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