Crying the NewsPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0007
V. DiGirolamo
{"title":"Riding the Wanderlust Express","authors":"V. DiGirolamo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Railroads reigned supreme in industrial America. They were the engines that drove the postbellum economy, stimulated western expansion, and imposed their corporate time zones on the nation. Local, state, and transcontinental railways employed thousands of men, carried millions of passengers, and brought a cornucopia of goods—including newspapers—to distant markets. Three types of newsboys emerged from this transportation network: salaried news agency hands who regularly met trains to ship and receive local and out-of-town papers, uniformed “news butchers” who plied passengers with reading material and sundry items, and footloose “tramp newsboys” who hitched rides on freight or passenger cars in search of work, adventure, or family. Each of these types occupied a separate niche in the distribution process and a different rung on the social ladder, but they shared a dependence on railroads and newspapers for their daily bread. Their experiences offer a crucial bottom-up perspective on the circulation of newspapers and the role of children and railroads in the development of print capitalism.","PeriodicalId":284203,"journal":{"name":"Crying the News","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124131350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crying the NewsPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0004
V. DiGirolamo
{"title":"Johnny Morrow and the Dangerous Classes","authors":"V. DiGirolamo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Poor people of all ages and races peddled papers to eke out a living during the hard times of the 1850s. Vast numbers of children in New York slept on the streets, scrounged for food, and washed at public pumps. One of them, Johnny Morrow, recorded his experiences in a memoir. Genre painters exploited their picturesqueness, while philanthropist Charles Loring Brace founded lodging houses and orphan trains for them through the auspices of the Children’s Aid Society. Sabbatarians tried to sweep newsboys off the streets on Sundays but those in New York, Philadelphia, and Washington, DC fought back. Some built their businesses into giant distribution companies. All became embroiled in the raging sectional crisis over slavery.","PeriodicalId":284203,"journal":{"name":"Crying the News","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114264296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crying the NewsPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0002
V. DiGirolamo
{"title":"Rising with the Sun","authors":"V. DiGirolamo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Poverty and politics spawned the emergence of newsboys in antebellum New York. The New York Sun, founded in 1833 by the radical printer Benjamin Day, was the first successful penny newspaper in the United States and the first to use hawkers and carriers on a large scale. Before this date, newspapers circulated through the colonies and early republic via carriers and postriders of various ages and conditions, including apprentices and slaves. Day’s newsboys—many of them poor immigrants—earned both wages and profits as they served Whigs, Democrats, and members of Day’s own Workingmen’s Party. This generation of newsboys did not simply distribute newspapers but stirred up demand for them with their cries of murders, hoaxes, and slave revolts. Their ranks included future turfman Bill Lovell, actor-comedian Barney Williams, and entrepreneur Mark Maguire, the original “King of the Newsboys.”","PeriodicalId":284203,"journal":{"name":"Crying the News","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123179253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crying the NewsPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0008
V. DiGirolamo
{"title":"Rumblings in the West","authors":"V. DiGirolamo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"No newsboys were more militant than those on the urban frontier. Though primarily self-employed, most identified with the interests of labor over capital, as reflected by the many unions and protests they organized between the 1880s and early 1900s. Newsboys mounted strikes and boycotts in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Missouri, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. They distributed union circulars and marched in Labor Day parades. Boys also distributed newspapers in the Hawaiian Islands and Yukon gold fields. Western newsboys represented all races and ethnicities, including Native Americans. They encountered work hazards unknown to their eastern counterparts, such as mountain lions, prairie fires, and gunfighters. Like the newspaper they sold, these children were catalysts of social change. As rugged individualists who relied on cooperation more than competition, they exemplified the contradictory values of their communities.","PeriodicalId":284203,"journal":{"name":"Crying the News","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131037175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crying the NewsPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0009
V. DiGirolamo
{"title":"Press Philanthropy and the Politics of Want","authors":"V. DiGirolamo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"To better recruit and discipline their young distribution force, newspaper publishers and circulation managers in the 1880s became pioneers of corporate welfare. Led by Joseph Pulitzer in St. Louis, E. W. Scripps in Detroit and Cincinnati, Victor Lawson in Chicago, and George Booth in Grand Rapids, Michigan, they organized newsboy banquets, excursions, clubs, schools, and marching bands. They also sponsored newsboy boxing tournaments and fielded newsboy baseball teams. A dozen eastern newspapers formed their own newsboy baseball league. Newsboys took full advantage of these programs, as well as the newsboy homes and reading rooms founded by the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, but they also organized unions, struck for better pay and working conditions, and participated in political campaigns and protests. Ultimately, they sought justice over charity.","PeriodicalId":284203,"journal":{"name":"Crying the News","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133979206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crying the NewsPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0013
V. DiGirolamo
{"title":"Call to Service","authors":"V. DiGirolamo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"The Great War, from 1914 to 1918, hastened many changes in the American news trade that transformed both the meaning and experience of child street peddling. The war redefined the role of children in civic affairs and enhanced newsboys’ reputation for patriotism. From New York to Seattle, peddling papers came to be regarded less as a demoralizing form of labor and more as a branch of national service. Child labor reformers, many of whom opposed the war, lost much of their clout, while publishers gained stature and profit mobilizing newsboys to sell war bonds and form Scout troops. Thousands of former newsboys became part of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) and dozens won distinction for heroism. Those too young to bear arms sometimes showed their mettle by harassing “slackers” or German Americans. Yet boys who cried false news or mounted strikes faced their own charges of disloyalty. Whether as soldiers, sailors, strikers, or street sellers, America’s newsboys now entered the world’s stage.","PeriodicalId":284203,"journal":{"name":"Crying the News","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122158877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crying the NewsPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0014
V. DiGirolamo
{"title":"Roar of the Tabloids","authors":"V. DiGirolamo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"1920s America contained a cacophony of feuding factions pitting guardians of tradition against the forces of modernity. Small-town America detested the vice and depravity of the metropolis. White supremacists resented the black and immigrant hordes invading their neighborhoods and workplaces. And fundamentalists felt bullied by godless advocates of evolution. Such conflicts reverberated in the nation’s newspapers, especially in the sensational tabloid press. The children who peddled these papers were not mere merchants of discord, but also its agents. As predominately immigrant, sexually precocious city kids from non-teetotaler, non-Protestant, working-class families, they represented the troubling symptoms of modernity over tradition. They played a central role in Jazz Age journalism, politics, social reform, race relations, and labor struggles, thereby challenging the notion that children’s economic value diminished as their emotional value rose in the early decades of the 20th century.","PeriodicalId":284203,"journal":{"name":"Crying the News","volume":"96 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123516130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crying the NewsPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0012
V. DiGirolamo
{"title":"Sidewalks of Struggle","authors":"V. DiGirolamo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Long at issue, the moral legitimacy of juvenile street trading became a major concern in the Progressive Era. Parents, publishers and reformers asserted their right to define news peddling as a public good or a social evil. Efforts to control children’s labor underlay the campaigns to abolish newsboys’ night work and stop their fighting, gambling, smoking, spitting, drinking, swearing, and sexual activity. Investigators amassed damning evidence of these practices, but their findings also reveal the industrial pressures, parental logic, and working-class customs that allowed them. Unable to abolish news peddling by children, adults regulated it by establishing newsboy unions, clubs, courts, and “republics.” However, the success of their efforts depended entirely on the boys’ cooperation, making them agents rather than mere targets of progressive reform.","PeriodicalId":284203,"journal":{"name":"Crying the News","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126231961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crying the NewsPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0011
V. DiGirolamo
{"title":"Bitter Cry of Progress","authors":"V. DiGirolamo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"New laws call for new stories, and in the early 1900s those stories were increasingly told by muckraking journalists, documentary photographers, and social reformers. Upton Sinclair, Lewis Hine, Jane Addams, and many others focused on the evils of street work, including sexual bartering. But circulation managers professionalized and stepped up their newsboy welfare work. The proliferation of precociously cute newsboy images in advertisements and comic strips further neutralized reform efforts and legitimized newspapers’ use of child labor. Ethnic newspapers multiplied during this period and developed their own sales and distribution forces. Also propelling newspapers into the new century were automobiles, which presented newsboys with a new occupational hazard. Pushed and pulled by the commercial interests of publishers, and the social agendas of reformers, and the economic needs of their families, this generation of newsies rose up to assert their own vision of progress.","PeriodicalId":284203,"journal":{"name":"Crying the News","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124647527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Crying the NewsPub Date : 2019-10-03DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0010
V. DiGirolamo
{"title":"Yelling the Yellows","authors":"V. DiGirolamo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195320251.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The 1890s were the heyday of America’s newsboys. The nation’s newspapers rose in number and circulation and its cities swelled with poor immigrant families in need of extra income. African Americans also gravitated to the news trade but encountered much opposition due to Jim Crow segregation. Jacob Riis introduced photography as a tool of reform. Newsgirls came under special scrutiny due to their sexual vulnerability. As ubiquitous in popular culture as they were on city streets, newsies became versatile symbols of enterprise and exploitation in songs, stories, and the sassy color comic strip that gave “yellow journalism” its name. Newsboys’ cries stoked the jingoism that sparked America’s “splendid little war” abroad and rekindled the acrimony that fueled labor unrest at home. They expressed their own discontent in dozens of strikes, climaxing in 1899 with a two-week tussle with those two “great octopuses” of New York journalism, Joseph Pulitzer’s Evening World and William Randolph Hearst’s Evening Journal, all of which helped to remake and reawaken the American working class.","PeriodicalId":284203,"journal":{"name":"Crying the News","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125391676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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