Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal最新文献

{"title":"Infidelity, betrayal and mariticide - a case report","authors":"Avinash Kumar, Luv Sharma, S. Narwal","doi":"10.15406/FRCIJ.2018.06.00252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/FRCIJ.2018.06.00252","url":null,"abstract":"Homicide is the most serious crime as old as civilization and reported as early as in the Bible.1 Killing of an individual is the highest level of aggression found in all the cultures. Since ages the very reason or motive for these killings has remained the same viz lust for money, women and land. To commit murder, two elements (Mens–rea which means preplanning or afore thought and Actusreus which means the actual execution) should work together to constitute the crime.2 Infidelity is a violation of a couple’s assumed or stated contract regarding emotional and/or sexual exclusivity.3 Other scholars define infidelity as a violation according to the subjective feeling that one’s partner has violated a set of rules or relationship norms. This violation results in feelings of sexual jealousy and rivalry.4 Infidelity, contrary to what most people assume, is neither rare nor exclusively male behavior. There is currently debate in the field of evolutionary psychology whether an innate, evolved sex difference exists between men and women in response to an act of infidelity; this is often called a “sex difference”.5 Those that posit a sex difference exists state that men are 60% more likely to be disturbed by an act of sexual infidelity (having one’s partner engage in sexual relations with another), whereas women are 83% more likely to be disturbed by an act of emotional infidelity (having one’s partner fall in love with another).6 It is one of the most challenging and damaging emotional events in life. The more you trust and feel safe with someone, the more powerful and painful it feels when it happens. It can be debilitating and feel like emotional murder.7 We encountered a case of homicide in which wife betrayed her husband and murdered him with the help of his friends due to her extramarital affairs with husband’s friends. The case in itself isn’t unique but the changing trends in infidelity and loosening of social fabric in rural India is surely a newer phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126654654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stature estimation from digit length, bi-acromian and bi-illiac length: a study among two populations from eastern and north eastern India","authors":"Kusum Ghosh, Priyama Bhattacharya, Sumit Maitra, D. Chatterjee, A. Bandyopadhyay","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00253","url":null,"abstract":"Recognition of human remains is an indispensable element in medico-legal aspects and at the same time one of the major undertaking by the forensic anthropologist is the identification of fragmentary and mutilated remains. The identification of stature of the deceased, and comparisons with the ante-mortem data and age and sex assessment, has been subject matter of many forensic anthropology researches over the time and space.1,2 The process of identification is generally imperative in cases of mass disasters, explosions, and assault cases where the body is fragmented and establishing the identity of the victim being the challenge for investigator.3 It is here that accurate sexing of the human remains has the potential to primarily narrow down the search to a particular sex thereby giving sense of direction to the ongoing forensic investigation. Although genetic analysis of human population does not support concepts of innate racial differences with respect to innate abilities or characteristics, but human as polytypic and allopatric species demonstrate wide range of morphological, quantitative, polymorphic variations across the word. Being at the crossroads of migration, Indian populations have undergone complex and ancient admixture events over a long period4‒6 and have been the melting-pot of disparate ancestries originating from different parts of Eurasia and South-East Asia.6 Although the date of entry of modern humans into India remains uncertain but it is reasonable to consider by the middle Paleolithic period (50,000–20,000 years before present [ybp]), humans appear to have spread onto many parts of India.7 Contemporary ethnic India is a land of enormous genetic, cultural, and linguistic diversity.8,9 A more recent study exploring Indian genomic","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124075778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age differences in suicide methods","authors":"M. Demir","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00251","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130145060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Who commits suicide most? Suicide by gender and age","authors":"M. Demir","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00250","url":null,"abstract":"Suicide, defined as killing oneself deliberately,1‒3 is one of the leading causes of death across the world.4 In 2015, about 800,000 people ended their lives by committing suicide (World Health Organization).5 It is important to note that the global suicide rate per 100,000 people is 16.7 Similar to the other countries, although suicide rate in Turkey is about 4 times lower than the global suicide rate 6 it has been recognized as a public health issue, which requires attention. Suicide rates vary by gender. A number of studies have indicated that males commit suicide more than females7,8 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;8‒19 The global male/female suicide ratio is about 3.6:1.7 For instance, on average, in the U.S., male suicide rates are between three to four times as high as those for females, accounting for 79% of all suicides.8‒18 Baker et al.20 found that in America between 2000 and 2010, suicide rate increased, and suicide rate increased faster for females than males. Another study found that in America, suicide rates for both genders increased between 2000 and 2014.21 In the Republic of Korea, Suicide rate among males in 2015 was 2.5 times higher than that among females.22 In Europe, males are almost five times more likely to commit suicide than women.19 Similar to the other countries, one study conducted in Turkey found that suicide rate for males was higher than that for females.23 Suicide rates generally increase with age in many countries although there is a decline with increasing age in a small number of countries.24 Studies have shown that in many countries, suicide rates for those aged >65 years are higher than that of young people.7‒26 More specifically, studies have shown that people aged 75 and older have rates that are three times as high as people aged 15-24 years,15 and people over 65 years and older19‒27 and people between 45–59 years old19 have the highest suicide rate. In America, suicide rates increased among all age groups between 2000 and 2014.28 Baker et al.20 found that in America in 2010, suicide rate (19.4) was the highest among those between 45 and 59 years old whereas suicide rate (10.5) was the lowest among those between 15 and 24 years old.20 Another study conducted in America examined suicide rate between 1999 and 2014, and found similar results29 Suicide rates also vary by age and gender. Aktas et al.,23 conducted a study about suicide for the period between 2002 and 2011 in Turkey. They found that males aged 15-24 and males 25-34 had the highest suicide rate, and suicide rate decreased after the age of 55.23 They also found that females aged 15-34 had the highest suicide rate.23 The above-mentioned studies have generally examined suicide rates by gender, age, and both gender and age in a descriptive way. More research needs to be conducted to investigate suicide thoroughly by using more advanced statistical analyses. There is also scant research that has investigated suicide rates by gender and age ","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"94 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129827858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Right of the senior next of kin in possible medical error/negligence: case scenario, a death due to strangulated incisional hernia","authors":"Ariyarathna Htdw, Hulathduwa","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00247","url":null,"abstract":"The deceased was a 60 year old female with a recently diagnosed right ovarian cyst and an incisional hernia. She complained of abdominal pain for a period of one and a half month duration. Abdominal pain for two weeks was her fist presenting complaint and she found her way to hospital at the end of the second week where she was diagnosed to have the above two conditions. During the next one month period she had been admitted three times to the same ward for the same complaint. Partially reducible incisional hernia with a small amount of free fluid in the right iliac fosse was the only significant finding of her last admission. On the second day following the last discharge she had vomited few times and became unresponsive to be pronounced dead at the Out Patient Department (OPD). The post mortem examination revealed strangulated hernia with small bowel gangrene. Strangulation of incisional hernia is a surgically correctable condition which contributes towards preventing a sudden unexpected death. Death of a patient despite of repeated admissions for the same illness without proper and timely medical intervention is an incident to be discussed. A patient seeks medical advice in order to achieve a relief and a possible cure. A patient relies on doctors’ decisions for their life. On the other hand it is a right of a patient to obtain maximum possible care with the available facilities at a given setting. The case under discussion critically scrutinizes such issues within the parameters of an avoidable death. Forensic Pathologists not uncommonly encounter deaths that could have been prevented had the ideal intervention been done at the correct level and correct time. Even when the death is resultant upon an overt case of medical malpractice, most of the time no further discussion is raised unless the next of kin files a case of medical negligence. Retrospective clinico-pathological correlations and attempts of minimizing such further mishaps are rarely taken up spontaneously unless statutory obligations such as “mandatory reviews” are imposed. The post mortem examination is the final conclusive scientific measure in ascertaining the cause of death in sudden and unexpected deaths. An effective communication between the clinician and the Forensic Pathologist is pertinent in such a context to correlate the clinical and post mortem findings. This necessity is mandatory when medical negligence is alleged as in this case. The three hospital admissions with same symptoms within one month’s time made the next of kin to assume a probable medical negligence. A medical error and medical negligence are two different entities. Medical negligence is a condition where many criteria including the duty of care of a doctor has to be proved by the prosecution. The authors as Forensic Pathologists would like to recommend that it is mandatory to have sound scrutiny of certain surgical deaths with “no-fault approach” similar to the process adopted with regard to maternal ","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126429824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collection of rape evidence in India – an analysis","authors":"Priyanka Dhar","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00245","url":null,"abstract":"waste. It is no secret that survivors of rape in India are humiliated and discriminated.1 They could face it in their own homes, police stations and then in the hospital where they undergo invasive medical tests that often end up doing little beyond harming their case later in the legal process.2 Females are raped and sexually assaulted more often than males. Male rape is committed by another man, often in prison. Males who are raped are more likely than females to be physically injured, to be unwilling to report the crime, and to have multiple assailants.3 In Indian Penal Code rape is defined in Section 375, according to which the rape is sexual illicit sexual relation with a female which is caused by penetration of penis of a male into vagina of female. As after the Criminal Amendment Act 2013 – Section 375 of Indian Penal Code, 1860 state that:","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128314963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women prisoners in India: tracing gender gaps in theorising imprisonment","authors":"M. Kamthan","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00246","url":null,"abstract":"It explores the existing theories of imprisonment concentrating on women prisoners. The male centric bias of the criminology is highlighted and it is analysed that how it has adversely affected the cause of women prisoners. It tries to link various social concepts like social justice, social choice with women prisoners and try to locate the women prisoners in the broader spectrum of social life. The paper tries to create a nexus between the hegemony and the problem of women prisoners and ascertain whether hegemony is in any way related or responsible for the problems faced by women prisoners. The adequacy of the existing literature and its failures to address the women prisoners is also included.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134133095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MatLab based GUI tool to establish relationship among handwriting of family members: a computational study","authors":"V. Saran, Gupta Ak, Sayeed Ahmed","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00244","url":null,"abstract":"Handwriting is a unique & individual style of person’s neuromuscular activity where the hand moves on a surface with any writing instrument, what appears is an impersonal and formalized writing style. Cursive handwriting has been reported as the prominent style of writing, but imitating print letter shapes or using capital letters are more prevalent among children. The manner of writing is individual and characteristic to every writer. The style of handwriting varies among every individual and the style of handwriting is unique and has its own personalized touch. Handwriting is a movement habit that is very strong and individual. Brien,1 stated that it is a mixture of what we have been taught and our personality. Hilton2 has reported that handwritings fall into two general groups; class and individual characteristics. Class characteristics are actually common characteristics such as basic type of handwriting, slope of writing, line position and word spacing and suggested that handwriting show variation resulting from such influences. The first published article on possibility of handwriting similarities within genetic relationships was on December 2, 1911 in the issue of Scientific American that reports an article by R. H. Chandler. Earlier in an issue of Knowledge, it was published describing Family Likenesses in Handwriting. The article illustrated cases which have some general similarity between genetically related family members, but the similarity is not so great that current and competent examiners would be easily deceived. Comments on this topic by other authors are rare, however. Even Osborn omitted it. Hedrick3 quoted that Munch reported the case about similarity in the writings of a mother and daughter. The questioned material was limited to three sets of initials. Since there were disparities between the questioned and admitted writings they were not considered consistent and they could not have been attributed to natural variations, if the examination and study was not fastidious. Muehlberger et al.,4 suggested that there is a lack of statistical data or any database concerning the specific handwriting characteristics and the occurrence frequency of combinations of particular handwriting characteristics, the identification of handwriting and the examination of questioned document becomes a more difficult task. The forensic document examiners tend to assign the probative values to specific handwriting characteristics and their combinations while the judgments are often based almost entirely on their experience and power recall. Handwriting identification is a scientific pursuit, statistical data concerning common handwritings characteristics among family members seems to offer assistance to document examiner to establish a link between writing and writer especially in cases pertaining to family dispute or in cases of anonymous letters.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116778051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Labour law vs. public employment law - in particular, the (in) convertibility of fixed-term employment contracts into indefinite contracts and the “law of 35 hours” for public employees in Portugal","authors":"Ana Raquel Coxo","doi":"10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2018.06.00243","url":null,"abstract":"The differences and similarities between the Labour Law and the Public Labour Law prove to be an ever-present theme, regarding the constant legislative changes in both quarters. Without prejudice to the approach of the regimes in key aspects of any type of labour relationship, there are two points that remain divisive: on the one hand, the (in) convertibility of fixed-term employment contracts into indefinite contracts and, secondly, the differences on the working time regimes. Through this article and after the presentation of the arguments put forward in both directions, we consider, on the first question, that is possible to convert fixed-term public employment contracts into indefinite contracts and, on the second, that the differences between the Labour Code and the General Labour Law on Public Functions, consider the working time, is against the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125521006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trial by media, deceased defendants and the victim as a commodity","authors":"Susanna Menis","doi":"10.15406/FRCIJ.2018.06.00241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/FRCIJ.2018.06.00241","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to assess the dynamic between the media, the public, victims and deceased offenders. Taking the recent events concerning Jimmy Savile in the UK and Rehavam Ze’evi in Israel as case studies, the article attempts to make sense of a rather complex social relationship. The article questions the social usefulness of aggressive journalism; it submits that the relationship between the mass media and the public is responsible for the reproduction of violence and the commodification of the victim.","PeriodicalId":284029,"journal":{"name":"Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116192154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}