Social Welfare Responses in a Neoliberal Era最新文献

{"title":"Social Welfare Responses in a Neoliberal Era: Adaptive Responses, Sustained Need, and Exacerbated Hardships","authors":"Cory Blad, Mia Arp Fallov","doi":"10.1163/9789004384118_002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004384118_002","url":null,"abstract":"”I1: “I think that we all got hit over the head with the economy. We are to write down what it cost, how much in relation to this intervention, and so on”. I2:” and what do we then save...” I1 “Yes, and what we save. I think that we all have this economical focus and then we reflect on this Peter what is it that he needs and what does he say himself, and what do those around him say. Then I think regarding the [economic question] then we must take that fight later on”. I2:” But we have to take it, since it is super important that our view of humans is not all of the sudden directed towards the economy and efforts to save. It becomes imperative to hold on to what and how we think, and why we are here, and what our job is. Sometimes, this becomes hard to do because those up above are so extremely focused on how much you saved in this case or that. You nearly do not dare to propose that this person; he costs a bit more, because he needs something extra. Therefore, it is important to hold on to our view of human beings...” I3: “Yes, and our professionality” ( focus group among social workers, Denmark) nissen, fallov and ringø, 2018","PeriodicalId":282004,"journal":{"name":"Social Welfare Responses in a Neoliberal Era","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114206884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"We Need to Focus on the Resources: Struggling with Neoliberal Economic Rationales in Social Work with Children and Families","authors":"M. Nissen","doi":"10.1163/9789004384118_007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004384118_007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter offers an exploration of what welfare rationales are currently expressed in the policy context of social services as well as in the practices of social work with children and their families in Denmark.1 Historically, economic rationales related to the promotion of wealth have been an integral part of the shaping of the Nordic welfare states. Although the relation between rationales of wealth and welfare is far from unambiguous, it is generally agreed that the reconciliation of conflicts arising from increased competitive structures in the market through agreements between employers, unions and the state has played a decisive role. Ideals of full employment, shared responsibilities and income regulations enabled a flexible labor market adaptable to shifting economic conjectures, political stability, and security through compensations for loss of income. It also enabled the backing of tax financed universal welfare services underpinning the development of an extensive well-educated, healthy, and productive work force. Thus, a welfare rationale concerned with mobilizing resources for welfare for the purpose of both economic productivity and equality has been in the heart of the shaping of the Nordic welfare states closely linked to ambitions of promoting the well-being of in principle all citizens (e.g., Esping-Andersen, 1990; Kautto et al., 2002; Nissen et al., 2015; Fallov et al., 2017). However, by exploring the contemporary policy contexts of social services as well as practices of social work, we might learn something about how such a welfare rationale may become challenged and what kind of struggle this entail in the everyday practices of mobilizing resources for welfare.","PeriodicalId":282004,"journal":{"name":"Social Welfare Responses in a Neoliberal Era","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114581559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Youth Responses to Neoliberal Erosion of Solidarity","authors":"V. Nielsen","doi":"10.1163/9789004384118_012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004384118_012","url":null,"abstract":"In spring 2015, I had the privilege of giving a lecture about social work in a Nordic welfare state context at a College in the Bronx, New York. I was at that time in the very beginning of my analytical thoughts concerning my thesis (Bak Nielsen, 2017) about unemployed and socially vulnerable young people at the margin of the Danish society. I had the opportunity to present some of the thoughts, I had done working with my empirical material, about how these young people act on the social situation, they are facing. The target group for my Ph.D. research project is a group of young people, whom I have also been working with during my 20 years as a social worker. A group of young people at the age of 18 to 29, who in relation to their unemployment in the Danish welfare system is categorized as having other social problems, that makes it difficult for them to connect to education and work. Young people who in their everyday life are struggling with different degrees of complex social problems and personal challenges; poverty, homelessness, lack of education, dyslexia, anxiety, depression, adhd, substance abuse, violence, and crime. They receive cash benefit against demands for participation in activation projects or unpaid internship. At the end of my presentation of my preliminary empirical observations, one of the students in an evening social work class, a young black man raised his hand for a comment: “Maybe they just have to get older, grow up and learn, what it means to do education, have a job and make an effort in life?” He could have said, “What is the problem?” And it became clear to me, that some of these students knew very well the importance of poverty, social problems, and personal challenges I was talking about, but without having access to the same health care opportunities, cash benefit and financed education as the group of young people in my research. Young Americans struggling to have an education and find their way in life. Working in the daytime and doing their studies in the evening. So, what was the problem? The question related to a dominant neoliberal discourse, which also can be identified in a Nordic welfare context, when it comes to political and institutional understandings of and solutions to the challenges these young people are facing. In these understandings, the reasons why this group of young people","PeriodicalId":282004,"journal":{"name":"Social Welfare Responses in a Neoliberal Era","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129667921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potentiality, Development Ideals, and Realities of Social Work","authors":"Pia Ringø","doi":"10.1163/9789004384118_010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004384118_010","url":null,"abstract":"Today the problem is defined in social work as the inherent tendency to provide too much stability, habitual behavior, and inertia in the life worlds of vulnerable people. My argument is that the vision of potentialization is currently expressing itself through a series of concepts in social work. The vision of potentialization is in part (1) an organizational and management tool, a neoliberal management technological vision that is expressed in the political plans, in diagnostic tools, in referrals and that is implemented in social work with the citizens, and (2) a notion of what the citizen’s problem is, ontologically speaking, and how the problem and the condition can be altered. Potentialization is defined by others as the effort to continually transgress existing realities and perhaps even potential ones (Costea et al., 2012; Staunæs, 2011). With the effort to transgress existing realities, social workers and people with severe illnesses are expected to ignore the present problem through a focus on “the non-pathological” part: resources, empowerment, and the will to imagine “the future of the future” and “the desirable present of the present” (Andersen and Poors, 2016). The aspiration to abolish previous understandings of welfare as they have developed in Denmark over the past 40–50 years is central to this development. But what is the news in relation to social work? In this chapter, I approach this question by showing (1) how neoliberal ideas of potentionalization influences the perception as well as the concrete distribution of social problems and (2) how ideas of potentionalization influences the concrete practices of welfare services and welfare professionals in the encounter with citizens with in the fields of psychiatry and social work with people with disabilities.","PeriodicalId":282004,"journal":{"name":"Social Welfare Responses in a Neoliberal Era","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130456518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protest and the Politics of Unemployment Insurance: Reforming Welfare States in Times of Austerity","authors":"Rossella Ciccia, César Guzmán-Concha","doi":"10.1163/9789004384118_006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004384118_006","url":null,"abstract":"Fiscal austerity and changing societal conditions have put welfare states under increased pressure for reforms. Many countries have undergone processes of radical transformations of their welfare states, and in many others social protections are threatened by the diffusion of austerity politics (Van Kersbergen and Vis, 2013). Previous studies show that reform trajectories have varied considerably across social policy sectors and countries, and range from retrenchment to restructuring to stability and expansion (Pennings, 2005; Starke, 2006). Explanations of these different policy responses have generally emphasized the effect of political parties’ behavior and electoral dynamics (EspingAndersen, 1990; Korpi, 1983; Pierson, 1996). In particular, recent debates have focused on the enduring importance of political ideologies and partisan politics, but few studies investigate the effect of non-electoral forms of political participation such as protest movements, strikes and demonstrations on social policy reform. Yet, citizens engage in politics in different ways and voting is only one of the means that they use to express their political preferences (Fourcade and Schofer, 2016). A notable feature of the current historical period is the diminishing electoral participation of marginalized social groups (the unemployed, the young and the poor) whose interests and needs are poorly represented by traditional actors such as political parties and unions. Declining voter turnout among those groups can further diminishes political parties’ willingness to take their issues on board and risks to cement divisions between insiders and outsiders (Offe, 2013). In this context, protests are routinely used to draw attention to social problems and put pressure on public authorities.","PeriodicalId":282004,"journal":{"name":"Social Welfare Responses in a Neoliberal Era","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128930896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collective Action, Collective Impact and Community Foundations: The Emerging Role of Local Institution Building in an Era of Globalization and Declining Social Safety Nets","authors":"Frank M. Ridzi","doi":"10.1163/9789004384118_008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004384118_008","url":null,"abstract":"In the neoliberal era social welfare policy has experienced a variety of strains due to the growing competition of global markets. The result is that federal safety nets seem to be receding just as local communities find themselves most in need and facing worldwide dynamics that seem to shift the locus of control well beyond their geographic borders. In response, some communities have looked to the tools of the past for answers while others have explored the potential for new tools that can help local communities survive within and respond to global trends. In this paper I explore three types of local movements that have been gaining popularity, sometimes in tandem with each other and other times on their own. Collective action, collective impact, and community foundations have all been implicated as potential responses to federal welfare state retrenchment. In the following pages I first explore this national and international paradigm of neoliberal safety net restructuring as it presently manifests itself within the United States. I then explore for each of these approaches how they have been implicated in this welfare state retrenchment and what their approach looks like both theoretically and concretely on the ground in local communities. Finally, I explore how each of these three approaches, when deployed in concert with each other can be seen to offer critical components that address one another’s major shortcomings. While it is not likely that, even taken together, these three increasingly popular approaches can backfill the retrenchment of federal governments, they can serve as a starting place for reasserting the importance of local self-determination within a global future.","PeriodicalId":282004,"journal":{"name":"Social Welfare Responses in a Neoliberal Era","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114077610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Work in and around the Home: Using Home as a Site to Promote Inclusion","authors":"Mia Arp Fallov, M. Nissen","doi":"10.1163/9789004384118_009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004384118_009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter offers an exploration in to how the home and the local milieu are activated as sites of intervention in social work with families at risk and local community work with the purpose of promoting inclusion underpinned by shifting ideas of what is considered a normal orderly life. Where early social work interventions in and around the home were primarily concerned with creating home as a space for dwelling and the amelioration of material wellbeing of the working-class family living in poverty, contemporary interventions are primarily concerned with creating family relations and practices enabling individual inclusion in society emphasizing mobility and participation. Such shifting ideas reflect an ambiguity or tension inherent in the Danish welfare state with regard to how inclusion is approached. On the one hand, the notion of class, inequality, and the need to combat poverty has been at the core in the shaping of the Social democratic welfare state. On the other hand, this notion has also had a strong subtext of normalization and discipline problematizing cultural practices of the working class through ideas of individual freedom, empowerment, and self-realization (Villadsen, 2005). The way this ambiguity between collective and individualistic approaches to inclusion is balanced becomes pivotal in understanding responses to and potential consequences of neoliberal trends. Neoliberalism emphasizes the rationality and responsibility of the individual, rather than collective rationality and responsibility for solving social problems including problems of inclusion (Hagen, 2006). The question is, how does a Social democratic welfare state respond to this and what may be the consequences? One way to address this question is to explore how welfare rationales are unfolded in social work interventions in and around the homes of families. It is well known that interventions in and around the homes of families are bearer of ideological constructions pertaining to ideas of social order as well as the distribution of responsibilities between the state, the market, and the family in particular the parents (Donzelot, 1979; Nissen, 2017b). Furthermore, interventions in the home can be considered a","PeriodicalId":282004,"journal":{"name":"Social Welfare Responses in a Neoliberal Era","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122875765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crisis Neoliberalism and the Social Welfare State: Structural Challenges and Policy Responses","authors":"R. D. Buono","doi":"10.1163/9789004384118_003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004384118_003","url":null,"abstract":"A specter is haunting Europe — the specter of right wing populism.1 The continent’s struggling social democratic parties, mired in the contradictions of their broken promises for a Social European Model, have found their electoral bases being threatened by far right-populist forces thriving on xenophobia and a revival of ultra-nationalist sentiments long thought extinct. This rocky road for Social Europe was of course largely preconfigured by the neoliberal design embedded in the EU’s foundational architecture. At the crucial historical moment when it mattered, the broad popular opposition to adhesion proved too weak and disorganized to resist its imposition. Across the Atlantic, US “exceptionalism” has proved to be no exception to the same pernicious tendencies towards social and institutional crisis. The cumulative effects of deep neoliberal governance, cemented into place by alternating Republican and Democratic administrations, have for nearly four decades waged a nearly continuous attack on the exceptionally weak social contract established during the “New Deal” and “Great Society” eras. The rightpopulist opportunity presented itself amidst a malaise of establishment politics and change-resistant party machineries, yielding an insurgent outsider candidacy steeped in xenophobia and nationalist rhetoric. The electoral victory of Donald Trump, while precarious in the vote totals, capped a campaign that proved superior in electoral cunning even if dismal by every other measure. The resulting installation of a murky deep state apparatus managed to open deep fissures in a previously resilient image of US institutional stability. For most of the previous century, the fortunes of rightist forces on both sides of the Atlantic rode on the back of periodic bouts of prolonged employment","PeriodicalId":282004,"journal":{"name":"Social Welfare Responses in a Neoliberal Era","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122105555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Youth Experiencing Poverty in a Neoliberal Canadian Context: Understanding Systems Access from the Experiences of Young People and Frontline Staff","authors":"N. Nichols, Jayne A. Malenfant","doi":"10.1163/9789004384118_011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004384118_011","url":null,"abstract":"Scholars of contemporary Western government have noted how changes in public policy and program delivery reflect a shift in political rationalities from welfarism to neoliberalism (Harvey, 2005; Miller and Rose, 2008; Saint-Martin, 2013; Shields and Evans, 1998). Welfarism worked under the assumption that the activities of government should be directed towards the betterment of economic and social life for citizens; neoliberalism, on the other hand, rests on the belief that the state “[represents] an unnatural intrusion into the workings of the market” (Clarke and Newman, 1997: 14). Neoliberal economics and values have been depicted as an inevitable reaction to a sluggish and unresponsive welfare state (Clarke and Newman, 1997; Bradford 2000; Smith and Orsini, 2007; Downing, 2012; Banting and Myles, 2013; Jenson, 2013). The political, economic, policy, programmatic and ideological shifts associated with the neoliberal global capitalist turn, which has been re-shaping social life for the last 30 years, have had a profound impact on the lives of people growing up during this same period of time. Our chapter explores how the political-economic relations associated with global-capitalism and neoliberalism appear in and structure young people’s lives. We are particularly interested in the ways that political-economic relations operating in and through public institutions make it difficult for young people to live the lives they desire. The chapter is framed by a conceptualization of governance (neoliberal or otherwise) as a textually organized relation that is accomplished in the coordinated actions of people as they go about their everyday work (Griffith and Smith, 2014; Nichols and Griffith, 2009). In other words, our interest is not in a theorization of the changing political-economic relations of the state; rather, we are interested in how these shifts become evident in relations among actual people at particular moments in time. We will first look at the experiences of young people over two studies to see how their everyday work is organized by these neoliberal shifts and follow with stories from service-providers and","PeriodicalId":282004,"journal":{"name":"Social Welfare Responses in a Neoliberal Era","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126850417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Welfare Regime, Neoliberal Transformation, and Social Exclusion in Mexico, 1980–2015","authors":"Lukasz Czarnecki, Delfino Vargas Chanes","doi":"10.1163/9789004384118_005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004384118_005","url":null,"abstract":"We can distinguish two periods in the transformation México’s economy: the first took place after Second World War, when the neoliberal transformation in Mexico occurred after 1950, the “thirty glorious years” of the stabilizing development model (desarrollo estabilizador), a state-centered model that emerged from the Mexican Constitution of 1917. The second period starts in the middle of 80s, when Mexican economy was market-centered, with little influence from the State, known as the neoliberal stage, when the collective actions were diminished, and the State focused more on individual achievements. During the neoliberal stage, the structural adjustment programs and market reforms were introduced with the administration of President Miguel de la Madrid (1983–1988). However, the first agreement with the International Monetary Fund was signed in the late 1970s, Mexican state and society were transformed by the implementation of neoliberal policies starting in the 1980s. In this chapter, we address the question of what are the effects of neoliberal policies on the Mexican welfare regime? The central hypothesis is that during the period 1980–2015 the social development model has been transformed into welfare state model of social exclusion (cepal, 2007; Cordera and Provencio, 2017). Between 2008 to 2014, the incidence of poverty remained practically the same, ranging from 41.2 to 46.2%, lack of access to social security ranging from 64.7 to 58.5% in the same period (coneval, 2011). On the other hand, increased levels of income inequality prevailed in the last three decades, ranging from 0.445 to 0.493 between 1984 and 2014 (Cortes and Vargas, 2017: 49). Overall, we observed no improvements in access to education, health services and labour rights that created a condition of social exclusion, as well as increased inequality. The dream of the neoliberal era for creating further expectations of improvements in the economy have failed. The Mexican welfare state model produced social exclusion (EspingAndersen, 1999), which is considered to be a “capability deprivation” (Sen,","PeriodicalId":282004,"journal":{"name":"Social Welfare Responses in a Neoliberal Era","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123917243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}