N. I. Deligiannis, R. Cantoro, M. Sauer, B. Becker, M. Reorda
{"title":"New Techniques for the Automatic Identification of Uncontrollable Lines in a CPU Core","authors":"N. I. Deligiannis, R. Cantoro, M. Sauer, B. Becker, M. Reorda","doi":"10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441040","url":null,"abstract":"In several test and reliability problems (from test generation to FMECA and Burn In) it is important to preliminarily identify those lines in a circuit netlist, which can not be controlled, i.e., can not be toggled to both logic values no matter the applied stimuli. Several techniques have been proposed in the past to attack this problem. In this paper we consider the case where the circuit is a pipelined processor, discuss the specific challenges of this scenario and propose some techniques to automatically identify some of the uncontrollable lines. The approach we devised uses SAT solving as underlying technology. We report the results we gathered on the OR1200 processor, showing that our method allows to trade off between the required computational effort and the achieved results. When compared with results produced by a commercial tool, our approach is able to identify a much higher number of uncontrollable lines with reasonable computational requirements.","PeriodicalId":278302,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 39th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114658051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdullah Aljuffri, C. Reinbrecht, S. Hamdioui, M. Taouil
{"title":"Multi-Bit Blinding: A Countermeasure for RSA Against Side Channel Attacks","authors":"Abdullah Aljuffri, C. Reinbrecht, S. Hamdioui, M. Taouil","doi":"10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441035","url":null,"abstract":"Asymmetric algorithms such as RSA are considered secure from an algorithmic point of view, yet their implementations are typically vulnerable as they are used by attackers to comprise the secret key. Many countermeasures have been proposed to thwart these attacks. However, they are typically broken as the key can be easily compromised when attackers succeed figuring out which part of the traces belong to the square and multiply operations. In this paper, a new countermeasure is proposed against side channel attacks, referred to as multi-bit blinding. The proposed method provides a constant execution behavior regardless of the key value without additional cost (i.e., dummy/extra operations). It realizes this by considering multiple bits of the key (i.e., two in this paper) simultaneously and always perform the same operations on them independent of the two-bit value. This makes attacks much harder as the attacker cannot retrieve the key simply by identifying the operations. Instead, the attackers need to guess the correct values of the operations as well. As a case study, the security of an RSA algorithm implementation based on the proposed method is evaluated. Our experimental results show that the new method is secure against profiled and non-profiled side channel attacks with less overhead than currently published countermeasures.","PeriodicalId":278302,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 39th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120979528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Combining Architectural Simulation and Software Fault Injection for a Fast and Accurate CNNs Reliability Evaluation on GPUs","authors":"J. E. R. Condia, F. Santos, M. Reorda, P. Rech","doi":"10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441044","url":null,"abstract":"Graphic Processing Units (GPUs) are commonly used to accelerate Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for object detection and classification. As CNNs are employed in safety-critical applications, such as autonomous vehicles, their reliability must be carefully evaluated. In this work, we combine the accuracy of microarchitectural simulation with the speed of software fault injection to investigate the reliability of CNNs executed in GPUs. First, with a detailed microarchitectural fault injection on a GPU model (FlexGripPlus), we characterize the effects of faults in critical and user-hidden modules (such as the Warp Scheduler and the Pipeline Registers) in the computation of convolution over a suitably selected subset of tiles. Then, with software fault injection, we propagate the fault effects in the CNN. Thanks to our approach we are able, for the first time, to analyze the impact of faults affecting GPUs’ hidden modules on a whole CNN execution (LeNET) without undermining the reliability evaluation correctness.","PeriodicalId":278302,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 39th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129617102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huawei Li, Xiaowei Li, Yu Huang, Ying Wang, Gary Guo
{"title":"Special Session - Test for AI Chips: from DFT to On-line Testing","authors":"Huawei Li, Xiaowei Li, Yu Huang, Ying Wang, Gary Guo","doi":"10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441057","url":null,"abstract":"This special session focuses on test for artificial intelligence (AI) chips, with important issues from design for test (DFT) to on-line testing. The first talk discusses different DFT implementations and their tradeoffs as well as test access and configuration infrastructure for AI chips with many cores. The second talk discusses low-cost on-line fault detection and hardware salvaging techniques for neural network processors. The last talk gives case studies for testing industrial AI SOC chips, with an emphasis on the automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) methodology.","PeriodicalId":278302,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 39th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"10 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120900349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Special Session – Machine Learning in Test: A Survey of Analog, Digital, Memory, and RF Integrated Circuits","authors":"Soham Roy, S. Millican, V. Agrawal","doi":"10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441051","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated circuit (IC) testing presents complex problems that, when ICs become large, are exceptionally difficult to solve by traditional computing techniques. To deal with unmanageable time complexity, engineers often rely on human “hunches” and “heuristics” learned through experience. Training machines to adopt these human skills is called machine learning (ML). This survey examines applications of ML to testing analog, digital, memory, radio frequency (RF), and other application based ICs. This survey then highlights significant challenges and potential research directions.","PeriodicalId":278302,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 39th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127586967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"TSV Fault Modeling and A BIST Solution for TSV Pre-bond Test","authors":"Kangkang Xu, Yang Yu, Xiyuan Peng","doi":"10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441058","url":null,"abstract":"As semiconductor technology develops, threedimensions integrated circuits (3-D ICs) is thought as a viable solution to further improve the performance of ICs. Throughsilicon-vias (TSVs) are the most important device in 3-D ICs. Therefore, TSVs testing is a very critical flow in 3-D ICs manufacturing. A new pre-bond TSVs test solution is proposed in this paper. The new test structure includes an improved ring oscillator and a voltage-divider structure. Compared with conventional TSV test structure, the output of new test structure is more sensitive to TSV faults. We prove the effectiveness of the new test structure by HSPICE simulation.","PeriodicalId":278302,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 39th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127709737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sohrab Aftabjahani, R. Kastner, M. Tehranipoor, Farimah Farahmandi, J. Oberg, Anders Nordstrom, Nicole Fern, Alric Althoff
{"title":"Special Session: CAD for Hardware Security - Automation is Key to Adoption of Solutions","authors":"Sohrab Aftabjahani, R. Kastner, M. Tehranipoor, Farimah Farahmandi, J. Oberg, Anders Nordstrom, Nicole Fern, Alric Althoff","doi":"10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441032","url":null,"abstract":"Although hardware security has received significant attention in the past decade or so, security design and validation engineers and researchers in industry, academia, and government have not still been equipped with a mature security-aware toolset to automatically and effectively analyze designs for various types of security vulnerabilities at different to detect and fix the security issues or build security in designs efficiently and easily. Despite such a demand, currently, there is not an ecosystem of security-aware Electronic Design Automation (EDA) or Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools whereas the commercial design for security and validation tools are still in their infancy. However, there exist many research works that try to come up with security analysis engines and provide solutions to address different classes of security issues such as data leakage, access control violation, side-channel leakage, hardware Trojans and malicious changes, and vulnerabilities to physical attacks, fault-injection attacks, reverse engineering attacks, and chip counterfeiting or overproduction attacks. This paper presents the foundation established by several academic and industry researchers who have been supporting the realization of an ecosystem of security-aware CAD tools with their focus on hardware security coverage and fault-injection assessment for SoC designs, and security assurance standardization for electronic design integration.","PeriodicalId":278302,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 39th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132271430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Compact Set of LFSR Seeds for Diagnostic Tests","authors":"I. Pomeranz","doi":"10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441041","url":null,"abstract":"Storing compressed tests reduces the storage requirements of a test set. For additional reductions in the input storage requirements, earlier works use every stored test to apply several different tests. This allows the number of stored tests to be reduced without reducing the number of applied tests, achieving the same fault coverage with lower input storage requirements. This paper studies such an approach for a diagnostic test set, which is important for yield learning. The set of compressed tests is partitioned into ones that are important for fault detection, and ones that are added for defect diagnosis. The compressed fault detection tests are first used to produce additional diagnostic tests, thus reducing the need to store compressed diagnostic tests directly. If necessary, compressed diagnostic tests are added to the set of stored tests, and used for applying additional diagnostic tests. Experimental results for benchmark circuits demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in reducing the input storage requirements of a diagnostic test set.","PeriodicalId":278302,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 39th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124948385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Amini, Kai Bartels, C. Boit, Marius Eggert, N. Herfurth, T. Kiyan, Thilo Krachenfels, Jean-Pierre Seifert, Shahin Tajik
{"title":"Special Session: Physical Attacks through the Chip Backside: Threats, Challenges, and Opportunities","authors":"E. Amini, Kai Bartels, C. Boit, Marius Eggert, N. Herfurth, T. Kiyan, Thilo Krachenfels, Jean-Pierre Seifert, Shahin Tajik","doi":"10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441006","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the evolution of a powerful class of physical attacks against integrated circuits (ICs), developed initially for performing failure analysis (FA) from the IC backside. Over the last two decades, several publications have demonstrated the effectiveness of these techniques in bypassing the IC protection schemes and extracting the stored assets inside secure ICs. In this work, we take a fresh look at such hardware attacks from three different perspectives. First, we will discuss the potential threat of the attacks against modern technologies and demystify a set of wrong beliefs about the attacks’ complexity. Second, we review some technical challenges of such attacks from a law enforcement agency’s perspective for unraveling crimes and preventing further crimes by criminals involved. Finally, we give an insight into the future development of FA tools and the opportunities for designing effective countermeasures against attacks through the chip backside.","PeriodicalId":278302,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 39th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123036526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enabling ECC and Repair Features in an eFuse Box for Memory Repair Applications","authors":"S. Beerla, Miguel Costa","doi":"10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VTS50974.2021.9441028","url":null,"abstract":"To manage yield on the ever-growing memories in SoCs it is critical not to compromise on the reliability of the eFuse box storing the memory repair data. To this end, the latest eFuse memories support Error Correction Code (ECC) and repair features to increase reliability and enhance yield. However, conventional Design-For-Test (DFT) methods do not provide solutions to leverage those features. This paper proposes a methodology to enable eFuse repair and presents a custom ECC logic module that allows an eFuse box to seamlessly interface with a near-industry-standard Built-In Self-Repair (BISR) controller.","PeriodicalId":278302,"journal":{"name":"2021 IEEE 39th VLSI Test Symposium (VTS)","volume":"28 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132030739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}