{"title":"New lightning current arrester design for onshore and offshore wind turbines","authors":"H. Heckler, Joachim Wosgien, M. Wetter","doi":"10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088447","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the challenging operating conditions of onshore and offshore wind turbines and the requirements for the design of surge-protective devices — which result from these operating conditions. To meet these operating conditions and the requirements derived from standards and guidelines for wind turbines, a new hybrid design of varistor-based and spark-gap-based IEC Class I lightning current arresters had been designed. This paper also describes the design principles and the operational behavior of this new arrester for wind turbines.","PeriodicalId":277573,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Symposium on Lightning Protection","volume":"116 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127234971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Verifications of transient grounding impedance measurements of a wind turbine generator system using the FDTD method","authors":"K. Yamamoto, S. Yanagawa, T. Ueda","doi":"10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088414","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the breakdowns and malfunctions of the electrical and control systems inside or in the vicinity of a wind turbine due to lightning are caused by a rise in ground potential. To solve those problems, the field tests have been carried out, and the transient characteristics of an actual wind turbine grounding system have been obvious. This paper describes the verifications of field tests of wind turbine grounding characteristics by using the Finite Difference Time Domain method.","PeriodicalId":277573,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Symposium on Lightning Protection","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126874233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Using total lightning data in severe storm prediction: Global case study analysis from north America, Brazil and Australia","authors":"Chonglin Liu, S. Heckman","doi":"10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088433","url":null,"abstract":"Intracloud (IC) lightning is better correlated to storm severity than cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning. The detection of both IC and CG flashes, or total lightning, enables improvements in the lead time of severe weather prediction and alerting. The Earth Networks WeatherBug Total Lightning Network (WTLN), created specifically for the detection of both IC and CG lightning strokes, covers the contiguous United States, Alaska, Hawaii and the Caribbean, as well as Australia and Brazil with a high density of sensors. Other areas are covered by a global low-density network for CG detection only. The properties of lightning cells preceding numerous severe storms in various locations of the contiguous United States have been studied and certain predictive patterns in the lightning cells have been identified. The time evolution of the lightning flash rate and the IC/CG ratio of individual cells are used to identify thunderstorms likely to produce damaging hail, high wind, or tornados with significant lead times before they occur. Studies have shown that early detections in the sudden rise of the rate of IC discharges and subsequent peak of total flash rate can serve as an indicator for severe storm conditions. Using WTLN lightning data, a real-time lightning cell tracking and the Earth Networks Dangerous Thunderstorm Alert (WDTA) program has been developed.","PeriodicalId":277573,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Symposium on Lightning Protection","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126937946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Romero, M. Paolone, F. Rachidi, M. Rubinstein, V. Rakov, A. Rubinstein, C. Nucci, P. Zweiacker
{"title":"Current waveforms associated with positive flashes recorded on the säntis tower in summer 2010","authors":"C. Romero, M. Paolone, F. Rachidi, M. Rubinstein, V. Rakov, A. Rubinstein, C. Nucci, P. Zweiacker","doi":"10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088457","url":null,"abstract":"We present in this paper measured current waveforms associated with positive flashes recorded on the Säntis tower, Switzerland, in Summer 2010. About 20% of the recorded flashes were of positive polarity (transported positive charge to ground), all of them being recorded in July and August. This percentage is considerably larger than the values observed in other studies in summer months (3% to 6.5%). The observed current waveforms can be classified into two types. The first type is characterized by three stages: (1) an initial, slowly rising portion lasting a few milliseconds, (2) the main pulse, and (3) a long continuing current that may contain several pulses of both polarities characteristic of M components. The second type of observed positive flashes is characterized by (i) the absence of any initial slowly rising portion, (ii) lower peak currents, and (iii) presence of successive pulses which may be due to an upward stepped leader. The time-derivatives of the current pulses associated with upward stepped leaders are found to be much larger than those of the main pulse. All the observed flashes contained a single main pulse, except for one flash of the second type, which featured two pulses. Our recorded data constitute the first directly-measured evidence of M-components of both polarities during a continuing current lowering positive charge to ground.","PeriodicalId":277573,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Symposium on Lightning Protection","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114976016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Insulation coordination of a wind turbine and a power distribution line","authors":"S. Sekioka, J. Takami, S. Okabe","doi":"10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088430","url":null,"abstract":"The lightning damage is one of the most serious problems for wind turbine generator systems and distribution/transmission lines. Direct lightning strokes to a wind tower or a blade frequently cause damages in the wind turbine generator systems. Direct lightning strokes to a distribution line have been considered for lightning protection design. The lightning back-flow current is also an important factor for the lightning protection design of a distribution line. Thus, the lightning protection design of a wind turbine generator system must consider lightning overvoltages coming from a distribution line and damage to the distribution line. Insulation coordination should be considered for rational lightning protection design. This paper discusses an insulation coordination design of a wind turbine and a distribution line. Simulations are carried out by the EMTP for such parameters as lightning current and grounding resistance.","PeriodicalId":277573,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Symposium on Lightning Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130726688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Are subsequent strokes relevant to transmission lines lightning-related outages?","authors":"F. H. Silveira, S. Visacro, A. De Conti","doi":"10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088461","url":null,"abstract":"The relevance of subsequent strokes as source of backflashovers is assessed from simulations using the hybrid electromagnetic model for transmission lines with distinct voltage levels. It was found that, in spite of the effectiveness of the usual practice of reducing tower-footing grounding resistance to decrease the lightning overvoltage developed across insulator strings for first-stroke currents, it does not work in the same way for subsequent-stroke currents. The finding of a significant contribution of subsequent strokes to the outage rate of 69-kV lines suggests the need to include such event on lightning performance evaluations of lines.","PeriodicalId":277573,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Symposium on Lightning Protection","volume":"59 14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128225766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Helin Zhou, G. Diendorfer, R. Thottappillil, H. Pichler, M. Mair
{"title":"Close electric field changes associated with upward-initiated lightning at the Gaisberg Tower","authors":"Helin Zhou, G. Diendorfer, R. Thottappillil, H. Pichler, M. Mair","doi":"10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088458","url":null,"abstract":"We examine in detail the simultaneous lightning current waveforms, close electric field changes, and lighting location system data for upward lightning discharges initiated from the Gaisberg Tower (GBT) from 2005 to 2009. Out of 205 upward flashes, we find that most of upward flashes (179/205 or 87%) are initiated at the tower top without any nearby preceding discharge activity, 26 flashes (13%) are initiated by nearby triggering lightning discharges, including 10 positive cloud-to-ground lightning, 1 negative cloud-to-ground lightning, and 15 cloud discharges. The possible reasons for self-triggered upward flashes dominating at the GBT would be the field enhancement due to the Gaisberg Mountain above 800 m of the surrounding terrain of the city of Salzburg and low cloud base during cold season.","PeriodicalId":277573,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Symposium on Lightning Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128570404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Horizontal electric field at the surface of layered earth due to lightning","authors":"C. Barbosa, J. Paulino, W. Boaventura","doi":"10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088465","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a time-domain method for the calculation of the electric field at the surface of earth due to lightning, when the earth structure is made of two parallel horizontal layers of finitely conducting earth. The method is based on the assessment of the electric field at the surface considering the earth as homogeneous and with the electrical parameters of the first layer. The contribution of the second layer is considered by computing the waves reflected from this layer, after they have propagated in the first layer. The paper also shows that the displacement currents could be neglected during the reflection of the waves, which leads to a simple expression for the reflection coefficient. The results from the method presented in this paper agree with reference results calculated from a frequency-domain expression proposed by Wait.","PeriodicalId":277573,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Symposium on Lightning Protection","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123910486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. de Salles, M. L. B. Martinez, A. A. D. de Queiroz
{"title":"Ageing of metal oxide varistors due to surges","authors":"C. de Salles, M. L. B. Martinez, A. A. D. de Queiroz","doi":"10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088462","url":null,"abstract":"Surge arresters are exposed to a series of stresses that trigger changes in their nonlinear behaviors. This paper deals with the ageing of metal oxide varistors concerning the stresses associated to high current short duration surges. The ageing of the samples is evaluated by analyzing the evolution of the resistive component of the leakage current after every impulse current application in non energized samples. This procedure aims at determining the ageing prescribed by impulse currents disregarding the superposition of power frequency voltage effects. To this a sequence of 8 × 20 µs impulses were applied to sets of metal oxide resistors at different temperatures. After every impulse application and the resistor reached the room temperature the value of the resistive component of the leakage current and the power losses were recorded and compared. These obtained data are statistically analyzed and the results are correlations between the ageing evolution and number of applied impulses, the influence of the temperature and discharge current amplitude. The set correlations are compared to studies from 80's, and concerning the provisions of relevant standards.","PeriodicalId":277573,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Symposium on Lightning Protection","volume":"332 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115876230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CN tower lightning flash components","authors":"A. Hussein, M. Milewski","doi":"10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SIPDA.2011.6088431","url":null,"abstract":"This electronic document is a \"live\" template. The various components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document. The maximum number of pages allowed for each paper is six, including figures, tables and references.","PeriodicalId":277573,"journal":{"name":"2011 International Symposium on Lightning Protection","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125735441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}