MedRN: Other Infectious Diseases (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Patent 95N Protocol: Consistent in the Use of N95 / PFF2 Mask by 100% of a Country's Herd during COVID-19 and Reduction in Mortality","authors":"Alvaro Pereira Iaccino, Alex L. Jimemez Iaccino","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3756223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3756223","url":null,"abstract":"N95 Mask. There is a scientific consensus that standard N95 / PFF2 filter masks prevent contamination by SARS-CoV-2. This type of mask is personal protective equipment (PPE), it does not have a contraindication, it can be used by any individual over 2 years of age, it is a product of free commercialization in any commercial establishment, that is, it is enough to appear at the place and buy. However, on March 3, 2020, WHO Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus recommended that N95 masks be reserved to protect health workers during the pandemic first. These facts lead to the following question: if WHO and governments had recommended that all 7 billion inhabitants should wear N95 / PFF2 masks concurrently, would we save lives? why wait for a vaccine to have massive immunity? As of December 20, 2020, more than 1,704,065 deaths registered worldwide by COVID-19, because they did not wear an N95 / PFF2 mask. The preprint observational study by infectologist Machado, Leandro revealed that 100% of South Koreans had fair access and use of KF94 masks (N95 / PFF2), since March 2020, there was direct intervention by the President of South Korea, Moon Jae-in, transforming the standard N95 mask as an official state product and for the public interest in saving lives. Therefore, the South Korean experience is proof that the use of standard N95 / PPF2 masks by 100% of the herd reduces the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and eradicates excess mortality, however, there is a need for proactive action by governments. In this sense, the patent for PROTOCOL 95N adult and children is a KIT composed of PFF2 masks sufficient for 63 days of use, at a cost of USD 0.13 for 24 hours of protection. The novelty is the use of the patent 7-color herd epidemiological technology, in the KIT there is a N95 / PFF2 mask for each day of the week, sunday white, monday green, tuesday orange, wednesday blue, thursday red, friday yellow and Saturday purple, and each color can be used 9 times and then discarded. This methodology, saves public resources, makes the pandemic sympathetic, it is ecological, avoiding waste, and above all, it creates the psychological effect of reliable self-protection as equipment validated by science that is indisputably qualified as effective against the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. The KIT is supplied by the international alliance led by 95N CORPORATION, comprising a factory in the city of Santa-Fe-PR, Brazil and 74 Chinese and 3 South Korean industries, with a capacity of 80 million Kits per month, as detailed below.","PeriodicalId":277095,"journal":{"name":"MedRN: Other Infectious Diseases (Topic)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127547634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Does the Infection Fatality Rate Really Measure?","authors":"I. Korolev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3572891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3572891","url":null,"abstract":"This paper studies what the infection fatality rate (IFR) really measures using the potential outcomes framework. I show that the IFR only reflects the outcome in one state. In contrast, popular causal parameters are all functions of the difference between outcomes in two states. I then demonstrate using a simple illustrative example that a disease that has no effect of the risk of dying can have a higher IFR than a disease that increases the risk of dying for everyone in the population. As a result, the IFR may fail to reflect the causal effect of a disease on the risk of dying and hence might not be a suitable measure of how deadly the disease is.","PeriodicalId":277095,"journal":{"name":"MedRN: Other Infectious Diseases (Topic)","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132382097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology Survey of Antibiotics Use in Hospitals and Veterinarian Practices in Northern Regions of Cameroon","authors":"M. Mansour, Bamia Aline, G. Bouba, Ngonde Essome Marie Chantal, Mbakop Calixte Didier, Koubala Benoît, Adiogo Dieudonné Désire M","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3583315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3583315","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotics are used in veterinary practice as growth promoter to improve animal production and to control animal diseases. Routine antimicrobials consumption led to resistant-strains selection an spread within animals, their environment, farmers and animal products consumer. As for animals, antibiotics are widely recommended for bacterial infections in human medicine. By the same process, antibiotic-resistance emergence in human is current event. This is why in our study the aim was to assess antibiotic use frequencies in human and veterinary practices without previous antibiogram or species identification. We focused on cocci gram prositif infections in Cameroon northern regions. Our results revealed high rate of ceftriaxone (24%), amoxicillin (29%) and cloxacillin (14%) prescription by health practitionner for cocci gram positif and Staphylococci infections. In livestock Penicillin-streptomycin (42%) and oxytetracyclin (38%) are the most use for mastitis, penicillin-diclofenac mix and penicillin-streptomycin were frequently indicated for dermatosis. Antibiotics are widely prescribed in northern regions either in human or in veterinary medicine and may lead to antibiotic-resistance.","PeriodicalId":277095,"journal":{"name":"MedRN: Other Infectious Diseases (Topic)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121883398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Empirical Forecasts of COVID-19 Trajectories Under Limited Information on the Efficacy of Intervention Strategies","authors":"Kai Lin, C. Joye, N. Giang, A. Richardson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3566596","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3566596","url":null,"abstract":"As the novel coronavirus and its associated disease COVID-19 started to rapidly transmit around the world in early 2020, the financial, social and health impacts represented a 1-in-100 year shock, the likes of which had not been observed since the last global pandemic in 1918 and the Great Depression in 1929. A key question for policymakers, medical researchers, and financial market participants was how the disease would propagate in an environment in which it was left unconstrained as compared with preferable alternatives where nation states implemented assertive efforts to mitigate the disease’s adverse effects. Medical researchers seeking to advise governments produced theoretical forecasting models, drawing on the epidemiological literature, which have often been too inflexible and abstract for use by financial markets. For this niche user group, empirical, agile, and intervention-aware forecasting methods are paramount, especially those that can accommodate the subjective judgements of different users. This paper outlines two such empirical forecasting frameworks for the daily confirmed case counts, eventual case counts, and time to peak daily new case counts for major countries. The first framework uses a linear mixed effect model for the case growth rate, accounting for the presence of intervention measures and idiosyncrasies of individual countries. The second framework allows users to forecast the case trends of a target country by substituting in the observed effects of interventions from qualitatively similar countries with customisable calibrations to reflect lower efficacies. Combined, these two frameworks are especially useful in the early days of the outbreak, when the effects of different countries’ imminent interventions have not yet shown up in observed data, but which can be inferred from similar countries further along their intervention path. When first applied and published on March 23, these models projected the peak in daily new COVID-19 case counts for the US and Australia would arrive in early-to-mid April 2020. To the best of our knowledge, this was one of the first early-to-mid April peak projections published globally. Whilst not theoretically founded in the mechanisms of infectious disease, such empirical forecast frameworks offer versatile and parsimonious projections for financial market participants seeking to make decisions under conditions of uncertainty apropos the efficacies of different intervention measures around the world.","PeriodicalId":277095,"journal":{"name":"MedRN: Other Infectious Diseases (Topic)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130741907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modern Medicine and the 20th Century Decline in Mortality: Evidence on the Impact of Sulfa Drugs","authors":"S. Jayachandran, A. Lleras-Muney, Kimberly V. Smith","doi":"10.3386/w15089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w15089","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research suggests that medical advances played a negligible role in the large decline in mortality rates during the first half of the twentieth century. This paper, in contrast, presents evidence that sulfa drugs―the first pharmaceuticals effective at treating infectious diseases― were an important cause of U.S. mortality declines after their discovery in the 1930s. Using timeseries and difference-in-difference methods (with infectious diseases unaffected by sulfa drugs as a comparison group), we present evidence on the effects of sulfa drugs on mortality. We find that sulfa drugs led to a 25% decline in maternal mortality, a 13% decline in pneumonia and influenza mortality, and a 52% decline in scarlet fever mortality between 1937 and 1943. Sulfa drugs also widened racial disparities in mortality, suggesting that new medical technology diffuses more rapidly among whites than blacks and consistent with the hypothesis that innovation initially increases inequality across population subgroups.","PeriodicalId":277095,"journal":{"name":"MedRN: Other Infectious Diseases (Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115096672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remodeling Periodontitis Microenvironment for Osteogenesis by Using a Reactive Oxygen Species-Cleavable Nanoplatform","authors":"Xinyi Qiu, Yijun Yu, Hanxiao Liu, Xincong Li, Weibin Sun, Wenlei Wu, Chao Liu, L. Miao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3814582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3814582","url":null,"abstract":"Modestly removing the excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a crucial part in regulating the microenvironment of periodontitis and provides a favorable condition for osteogenesis. However, the current strategy in scavenging ROS is incontrollable, greatly limiting the outcome of periodontitis. Herein, we introduced a controllable ROS-scavenging nanoplatform by encasing N-Acetylcysteine (NAC, (a famous ROS scavenger) into a tailor-made ROS-cleavable amphiphilic polymer nanoparticles (PEG-ss-PCL NSs) as an intracellular delivery carrier. The existing ROS in the inflammatory microenvironment facilitated the polymer degradation via breakage of the thioketal bonds, then led to the encapsulated NAC release. The NAC eliminated all ROS induced by LPS, while PssL-NAC adjusted the ROS level to a litter higher than the control group. The percentage of apoptotic cells cultured with NAC and PssL-NAC decreased observably compared with cells cultured with 10 µg/ml LPS. The microenvironment regulated by PssL-NAC was very suitable for osteogenic differentiation from the results of PCR and Western blot, which exhibited a higher expression level of BMP2, Runx2, and PKA. The ALP activity and Alizarin red S staining showed consistent results. Additionally, the injection of NAC and PssL-NAC into the periodontitis area could alleviate the tissue destruction induced by ligation of the maxillary second molar. The PssL-NAC showed a better ability to decrease the osteoclast activity and inflammation, consequently improving the restoration of destructed tissue. Our study suggests that ROS responsive polymer nanoparticles loading NAC (PssL-NAC) can be new promising material for periodontitis treatment.","PeriodicalId":277095,"journal":{"name":"MedRN: Other Infectious Diseases (Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115090039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}