{"title":"Voltage/VAR control","authors":"","doi":"10.1049/pbpo147e_ch7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/pbpo147e_ch7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":276847,"journal":{"name":"Distribution Systems Analysis and Automation","volume":"06 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127282023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Back Matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1049/pbpo147e_bm","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/pbpo147e_bm","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":276847,"journal":{"name":"Distribution Systems Analysis and Automation","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127635514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Harmonic analysis","authors":"Huiqiang Jiang","doi":"10.1090/ulect/058/04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1090/ulect/058/04","url":null,"abstract":"We use τK to denote the topology of DK (Ω) equipped with such metric. The topology of D (Ω) can be defined precisely. Let β be the collection of all convex balanced sets W ⊂ D (Ω) such that DK (Ω) ∩ W ∈ τK for every compact K ⊂ Ω. Let τ be the collection of all unions of sets of the form φ+W with φ ∈ D (Ω) and W ∈ β. Theorem 1. τ is a topology in D (Ω) and β is a local base for τ . The topology τ makes D (Ω) into a locally convex topological vector space. Many important properties of D (Ω) are included in the following theorem. Theorem 2. (a) A convex balanced subset V of D (Ω) is open iff V ∈ β. (b) The topology τK of any DK (Ω) coincides with the subspace topology that DK inherits from D (Ω). (c) If E is bounded subset of D (Ω), then E ⊂ DK (Ω) for some compact K ⊂ Ω and for each N ≥ 0, there exists MN < ∞ s.t., ‖φ‖N ≤ MN for any φ ∈ E. (d) D (Ω) has the Heine-Borel property. (e) If {φi} is a Cauchy sequence in D (Ω), then {φi} ⊂ DK (Ω) for some compact K ⊂ Ω and lim i,j→∞ ‖φi − φj‖N = 0 for any N ≥ 0. (f) If φi → 0, then {φi} ⊂ DK (Ω) for some compact K ⊂ Ω and Dφi → 0 uniformly for every multi-index α. (g) In D (Ω), every Cauchy sequence converges. Theorem 3. Every differential operator D : D (Ω) → D (Ω) is continuous. Definition 1. A continuous linear functional on D (Ω) is called a distribution. The space of all distributions in Ω is denoted by D′ (Ω).","PeriodicalId":276847,"journal":{"name":"Distribution Systems Analysis and Automation","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117349319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fundamentals of distribution system analysis","authors":"J. Gers","doi":"10.1049/PBPO068E_CH3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO068E_CH3","url":null,"abstract":"Distribution automation requires a deep knowledge of the system to where it is applied. For this, a proper handling of analysis techniques is very important. Distribution system analysis is a part of a broader concept referred to as power system analysis. In distribution system analysis only some fields of the overall picture are studied, and, of course, those referring mainly to feeders and radial systems. The main topics to be analyzed correspond to the modeling of the elements, the analysis of load flows for ring and radial systems, and short circuit conditions. Load flows are applied for different applications involving not only the analysis of power flows and voltage regulation but also feeder reconfiguration and loss reduction. Short circuit as always is essential in sizing equipment and protective relay setting. Studies of transient and small signal stability are not usually conducted at distribution levels and therefore will not be considered in this book.","PeriodicalId":276847,"journal":{"name":"Distribution Systems Analysis and Automation","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114671334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reconfiguration and restoration of distribution systems","authors":"J. Gers","doi":"10.1049/PBPO068E_ch6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO068E_ch6","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, distribution systems were designed with rigid topologies and limited possibilities for change in configuration. Improvements achieved by the manufacturers in recent years have prompted the use of feeder reconfiguration to modify the topology of distribution networks. These improvements include remotely controlled switches and breakers for pole installation, numerical protection, and appropriate communication systems Prior to determining the location of switches to allow changes in configuration, it is highly recommended to find the best topology for a distribution system. Under normal operating conditions, feeder reconfiguration aims for a more efficient operating condition of the network. Under faulty conditions, feeder reconfiguration aims to restore the service to the maximum number of users in the shortest time.","PeriodicalId":276847,"journal":{"name":"Distribution Systems Analysis and Automation","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127065068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Distribution automation functions","authors":"J. Gers","doi":"10.1049/PBPO068E_CH2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO068E_CH2","url":null,"abstract":"Distribution automation started in the 1970s. It allows utilities to implement modern techniques in order to improve the reliability, efficiency, and quality of electric service. Distribution automation is also referred to as feeder automation. It has been defined by the IEEE as follows: 'Distribution Automation is a system that enables an electric utility to remotely monitor, coordinate and operate distribution components in a real-time mode from remote locations'. Distribution automation, commonly known as DA, has evolved into advanced distribution automation, known as ADA, which incorporates advanced communication schemes, new computer technology, state-of-the-art equipment technologies and high-speed power electronic devices.","PeriodicalId":276847,"journal":{"name":"Distribution Systems Analysis and Automation","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117334667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Short circuit calculation","authors":"J. Gers","doi":"10.1049/PBPO068E_CH4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO068E_CH4","url":null,"abstract":"Calculation of short circuit values is essential in power system analysis. The results are used in a number of applications like sizing of breakers and other elements of power systems, designing grounding grids, setting protective equipment, evaluating Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of harmonic currents, and performing arc flash analysis.","PeriodicalId":276847,"journal":{"name":"Distribution Systems Analysis and Automation","volume":"465 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122498459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interoperability concepts in power electric systems","authors":"J. Gers","doi":"10.1049/PBPO068E_CH11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO068E_CH11","url":null,"abstract":"To achieve the objectives of the Smart Grid efficiently, it is necessary to integrate all the components of the power system from generation to the end user. They should relate to each other in a transparent manner, i.e. independent of their technologies and protocols. This concept applied to Smart Grid networks ensures efficient communication whether the information systems are used on different types of infrastructure or even at a distance. For this, the use of the concept of ontology from computer science helps greatly. Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of the basic categories and their relationships. Ontology-based strategies applied to interoperability constitute a framework for organizing information and are used in the representation of components of power systems.","PeriodicalId":276847,"journal":{"name":"Distribution Systems Analysis and Automation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129397782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reliability of distribution systems","authors":"J. Gers","doi":"10.1049/PBPO068E_CH5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO068E_CH5","url":null,"abstract":"Each distribution system component can be described by a set of reliability parameters. Simple reliability models are based on component failure rates and component repair times, but sophisticated models make use of many other reliability parameters.","PeriodicalId":276847,"journal":{"name":"Distribution Systems Analysis and Automation","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116372168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modern protection of distribution systems","authors":"J. Gers","doi":"10.1049/PBPO068E_ch9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO068E_ch9","url":null,"abstract":"Overcurrent relays are the most common form of protection used to operate only under fault conditions. They should not be installed purely as a means of protecting systems against overloads. The relay settings that are selected are often a compromise in order to cope with both overload and overcurrent conditions. Overcurrent relays can be classified as definite current, definite time, and inverse time as shown in Figure 9.1(a-c). The time delay units can work in conjunction with the instantaneous units as shown in Figure 9.1(d).","PeriodicalId":276847,"journal":{"name":"Distribution Systems Analysis and Automation","volume":"105 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126062564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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