{"title":"Stateless Status and Expulsion from Italian Territory","authors":"Simone Marinai","doi":"10.1163/27725650-02010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/27725650-02010008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this judgment the Corte di Cassazione addresses the issue of the prohibition on the expulsion of stateless persons guaranteed by Article 31 of the New York Convention of 1954 Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and affirms that it represents an exception to the general rule under international law according to which every State has, in principle, the right to expel at any moment an alien from its territory. The decision is particularly interesting because it allows a reflection on the vulnerable condition of stateless persons, on the distinction between de jure and de facto statelessness, and on the burden and standard of proof in establishing statelessness.","PeriodicalId":275877,"journal":{"name":"The Italian Review of International and Comparative Law","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124883987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Italy and the Enforcement of Foreign Judgments on Third States’ Tort Liability for Sponsoring Terrorism","authors":"D. Greco","doi":"10.1163/27725650-02010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/27725650-02010006","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present comment deals with the much-debated issue of the denial of foreign States’ jurisdictional immunity for acta iure imperii resulting in serious violations of human rights. This question came to the fore in Italy in the early 2000s and has since led to a stark contrast between the International Court of Justice, on the one hand, and Italian courts, in particular the Constitutional Court, on the other. Against this backdrop, these pages are aimed at analysing Order No. 39391/2021 of the Italian Corte di Cassazione, which concerns a proceeding for the enforcement of a US judgment condemning Iran to pay damages to the victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Based on the reasoning of the decision, this comment argues that Italian courts, while praiseworthy for attempting to protect fundamental human rights, seem to have renounced speaking the language of international law.","PeriodicalId":275877,"journal":{"name":"The Italian Review of International and Comparative Law","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131251318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Italian Constitutional Court and the Use of Comparative Law: An Empirical Analysis","authors":"Paolo Passaglia","doi":"10.1163/27725650-02010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/27725650-02010005","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The paper analyzes the use of comparative and foreign law by the Italian Constitutional Court. The author carries out an empirical study mainly with two purposes: measuring the impact of comparative law on the activity of the Court and classifying the functions of comparative law in the Court’s decision-making process.\u0000 It is impossible to identify all the cases where the Court considers comparative law. Nevertheless, references to comparative or foreign law in rulings can be regarded as significant hints. The Court’s case-law between 2000 and 2021 is examined, and 74 rulings with comparative references are identified. This data is the starting point of the analysis, which shows the increasing use of comparative law by the Constitutional Court. Moreover, the classification of these references shows the growing importance that comparative law has in the Court’s legal reasoning.","PeriodicalId":275877,"journal":{"name":"The Italian Review of International and Comparative Law","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126674745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Fragmentation of Human Rights. Case Studies from a Post-Arab Spring Context","authors":"Pasquale Annicchino","doi":"10.1163/27725650-02010015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/27725650-02010015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The Middle East and North Africa region is diverse and large, and it is therefore difficult to make broad arguments and generalizations on the impact of the Arab Spring on human rights protection. In this context, Egypt and Tunisia are important case studies for the assessment of constitutional transitions and human rights protection in a post-Arab Spring context. After the 2011 uprisings and the fall of the ruling authoritarian regimes, activists, scholars, and civil society organizations raised hopes about improvements in the protection of human rights. However, many forces (security services, the military, religious actors) worked against the hopes of the Revolution. The counter-reaction did not happen only because of national political struggles. Institutional factors also played against structural improvements in human rights promotion and protection. Changes in human rights practices need stable institutional frameworks which facilitate the improvement of human rights practices and constitutional transitions. Tommaso Virgili, with his contribution, focuses on the protection of sexual minorities and freethinkers.","PeriodicalId":275877,"journal":{"name":"The Italian Review of International and Comparative Law","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127497563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unjustified Interruption of the Taking Evidence by the Court of Origin as a Ground to Refuse Cross-Border Enforcement Under the Brussels I Rules","authors":"S. Dominelli","doi":"10.1163/27725650-01020009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/27725650-01020009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The contribution examines a recent decision by the Italian Corte di Cassazione rendered in matters of recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments issued in other European Union Member States. By analysing the reasoning of the Italian Corte di Cassazione in the application of the public policy test as a ground to refuse enforcement in Italy of a Polish ruling, the Corte di Cassazione’s methodological approaches are scrutinised against the background of the founding principles of mutual trust and free movement of decisions in the European judicial space. The conclusions of the Italian Corte di Cassazione are supported as it emerges from the commented decision that the public policy exception is applied in such a way to avoid an application that would go beyond its scope and purpose. More specifically, the circumstance a foreign decision has been adopted without an evidence being taken has not been considered to be in violation of a general substantive “right to evidence,” whilst it has been deemed that, in relevant fields of life, the lack of taking of an evidence already admitted to trial by the court of origin does constitute a breach of a (constitutionally protected) procedural fair trial in Italy.","PeriodicalId":275877,"journal":{"name":"The Italian Review of International and Comparative Law","volume":"267 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124338713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Italian Citizenship Attribution to Patrick Zaki","authors":"G. Minervini","doi":"10.1163/27725650-01020013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/27725650-01020013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In July 2021, the Italian Chamber of Deputies passed a motion concerning certain actions to be taken in favor of Mr Zaki, an Egyptian activist and a student at the University of Bologna, who – until December 2021 – was arbitrarily detained in inhuman conditions in Egypt. Notably, the motion urged the Government to take all the necessary measures to naturalize the activist. Against this background, the present comment aims at analyzing the consequences of a possible attribution of citizenship, assessing its feasibility under international law as well as what Italy could do to uphold Mr Zaki’s human rights.","PeriodicalId":275877,"journal":{"name":"The Italian Review of International and Comparative Law","volume":"209 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114202953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A New Technique for Implementing ECtHR Judgments: Will It Work?","authors":"D. Mauri","doi":"10.1163/27725650-01020007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/27725650-01020007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In this much-awaited ruling (Order No. 97 of 15 April 2021), the Corte Costituzionale had to decide on the constitutionality of the existing prohibition on release on parole for life prisoners convicted for Mafia-related crimes, in the absence of any cooperation with justice (ergastolo ostativo). This form of life imprisonment without prospect of release had already been deemed in contrast with Article 3 of the European Convention of Human Rights (echr) in the judgment rendered by the Strasbourg Court in Viola v. Italy (No. 2): on that occasion, the ECtHR invoked a legislative reform of the ergastolo ostativo. In the order at hand, the Corte Costituzionale, instead of formally declaring the unconstitutionality of relevant provisions, resorted to a recently crafted technique to postpone the hearing (until 10 May 2022) so as to give the Houses time to pass new legislation and fix the “systemic problems” outlined by the Strasbourg Court. This contribution aims at offering initial reflections on the use of such technique as an instrument for ensuring the proper implementation of ECtHR judgments in the domestic legal order. For this purpose, after an overview of the ECtHR case law in the field of ergastolo ostativo, it will provide an analysis of relevant proceedings before the Committee of Ministers qua monitoring body of the execution of ECtHR judgments. Finally, a critical appraisal of the reasons militating in favor of and against this technique, from the standpoint of the respect of human rights, will ensue.","PeriodicalId":275877,"journal":{"name":"The Italian Review of International and Comparative Law","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127736703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Transatlantic Dimension of the Judicial Protection of Fundamental Rights Online","authors":"O. Pollicino","doi":"10.1163/27725650-01020004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/27725650-01020004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article underlines the role of courts in ensuring the protection of fundamental rights in the digital environment. In particular, the focus will be on the European and the US judicial dimension, looking at the right of freedom of expression and data protection. Section 2 underlines how judges rely on metaphors to address digital matters. Sections 3 and 4 respectively look at the role of courts in shaping the protection of freedom of expression and of privacy and personal data across the Atlantic. Section 5 provides two examples of the role of European courts in extending values across the Atlantic.","PeriodicalId":275877,"journal":{"name":"The Italian Review of International and Comparative Law","volume":"196 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116355127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Italy’s Exercise of Foreign Investment Screening Power against Chinese Takeover","authors":"Giuliana Lampo","doi":"10.1163/27725650-01020012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/27725650-01020012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In March 2021, Italy vetoed the acquisition of an Italian company operating in the field of semiconductors by a Chinese group. It did so by using its so-called golden power, meaning the power to interfere with the management of companies to protect strategic economic sectors, introduced in 2012 and substantially revised in 2019 and 2020. The present comment offers an evaluation of the compatibility of Italy’s inward investment screening powers with international law norms on the promotion and protection of foreign investments by trying to outline the limits posed by the latter on domestic foreign investment screening mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":275877,"journal":{"name":"The Italian Review of International and Comparative Law","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133830085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Double Degree of Jurisdiction in International Adjudication","authors":"Gabriele Asta","doi":"10.1163/27725650-01020016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/27725650-01020016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This review essay discusses Loris Marotti’s “Il doppio grado di giudizio nel processo internazionale”. The book represents an important contribution to the study not only of the specific topic of double degree of jurisdiction in the international legal order but also of international adjudication at large. The purpose of the present essay is to highlight some of the most valuable aspects of the book, namely, the conceptual model adopted, the “functional” approach chosen to compare a variety of mechanisms of double degree of jurisdiction and the unveiling of the multi-layered tensions stemming from their establishment. The essay will conclude with some reflections on the current and prospective relevance of the theorised conceptual framework.","PeriodicalId":275877,"journal":{"name":"The Italian Review of International and Comparative Law","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124491400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}