Utmark i endring最新文献

Rovviltforvaltning og reindriftsnæringen: Hvordan kan en todelt målsetting praktiseres i samsvar med internasjonale konvensjoner?

Utmark i endring Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23865/noasp.151.ch8

S. Eilertsen, Jan Åge Riseth

{"title":"Rovviltforvaltning og reindriftsnæringen: Hvordan kan en todelt målsetting praktiseres i samsvar med internasjonale konvensjoner?","authors":"S. Eilertsen, Jan Åge Riseth","doi":"10.23865/noasp.151.ch8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23865/noasp.151.ch8","url":null,"abstract":"In Norway, both reindeer herders and sheep farmers base their meat production on natural outfield (utmark) pastures during the summer. In winter, most of the sheep are housed and fed indoors, while the reindeer survive on outfield pastures the whole year. During the last few decades, the losses of both sheep and reindeer to protected carnivores has increased in several areas in Norway. In this article, we focus on reindeer herding in the Troms and Nordland reindeer grazing area (reinbeiteområde). Due to large losses of reindeer calves, during the period from their birth in spring until late autumn, several reindeer herding districts hardly have any animals for slaughter. This has a very negative impact on both the economy and the cultural way of life. This article also discusses the reasons why it is difficult to document/prove who or what is responsible for the losses of reindeer calves. It is difficult to get permission to cull extra-active predators if the politically determined quota in each management region is not fulfilled. Documenting the correct number of predators inside each management region is therefore very important for reindeer herding and sheep farming. This has led to criticism and demonstrations by reindeer herders and sheep farmers. Norwegian predator policy formally builds on differentiated management. However, external review reveals that the management model builds on erroneous assumptions. Further, international law also requires that the burden created by predators does not unduly affect indigenous culture. The authors conclude that there is a need for extensive reforms in predator management in Norway.","PeriodicalId":273764,"journal":{"name":"Utmark i endring","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123315606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fritidsbygg i fjellområdet – en egen boligstruktur?

Utmark i endring Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23865/noasp.151.ch5

Tor Arnesen, Stine Kvamme

{"title":"Fritidsbygg i fjellområdet – en egen boligstruktur?","authors":"Tor Arnesen, Stine Kvamme","doi":"10.23865/noasp.151.ch5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23865/noasp.151.ch5","url":null,"abstract":"There are as many leisure and second homes in the mountainous region of Southern Norway as there are primary detached house residences, and since 2000, more than three second homes have been built for every detached house. The balance in housing stock between primary and second homes is rapidly shifting towards secondary homes. More than half of the second homes in the region, and practically all those built since 2000, have high technical standards (water, sewage, road access, Internet service, electricity, etc). On average they are used 60 to 90 days a year (chiefly weekends and holidays), with frequency depending on their technical standard.\u0000A recent demographic report reveals a declining and aging fixed population in the region and forecasts a continuing decline. Second homes in the region are mainly owned by those living in urban coastal areas outside the region, persons who are “invisible” in the local population analysis.\u0000A good half of all second homes, particularly the high-standard ones, are in agglomerations in outlying areas, forming a “recreational sprawl” where urban and rural residences are linked by “recreational commuting”. Covid-19 experiences, with widespread remote working from the second home, has also shown the elasticity between the two residential platforms.\u0000More than just a leisure home, the second home agglomerations may be viewed more accurately as a unique housing stock being developed in mountain areas for part-time rural community inhabitants. A new demographic approach will be necessary to monitor this aspect of the population in many modern rural societies.","PeriodicalId":273764,"journal":{"name":"Utmark i endring","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115364027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Mot ei framtid for utmarksbeite – om beiting, sjølvkjensle og forståing mellom folk

Utmark i endring Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23865/noasp.151.ch3

Bjørn Egil Flø

{"title":"Mot ei framtid for utmarksbeite – om beiting, sjølvkjensle og forståing mellom folk","authors":"Bjørn Egil Flø","doi":"10.23865/noasp.151.ch3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23865/noasp.151.ch3","url":null,"abstract":"The once-proud graziers have begun to have doubts. They have begun to doubt whether everything they used to believe, everything that gave meaning to what they have been doing, still makes sense.\u0000This essay takes the reader home to the graziers and out into the Norwegian countryside: the mountains, forests and deep fertile valleys, the terrain the Norwegians call outfields (utmark). Based on conversations with graziers in different parts of Norway, this essay discusses the future of grazing in the outfields against the backdrop of the big, as well as the small, political and social issues that both the graziers and we as a society are facing.\u0000For the graziers are struggling with many questions today. Is it no longer ecologically sustainable to use the outfields resources for food production? Shouldn’t the outfields be a resource for the production of food and fibre anymore? Is there no place for grazing animals in the Norwegian mountains in the future? Grazing farmers are currently asking themselves these questions and more. They feel degraded and exposed in the public debate, and the feeling tears at their self-image and makes every day grey; it becomes increasingly difficult to find motivation for each day that passes.\u0000But what can be done to reverse this trend? What can the grazing farmers do themselves, and what do we others need to do for them, politically as well as socially? This chapter discusses the emergence of a new concept of outfields and how it has affected grazing in the outfields. The essay raises a number of important questions that we as a society need to address in the debate about the future role of traditional upland grazing areas in our landscape.","PeriodicalId":273764,"journal":{"name":"Utmark i endring","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114968004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Kampen om utmarka: Hytter, beitemark eller urørt natur?

Utmark i endring Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23865/noasp.151.ch4

Jørund Aasetre

{"title":"Kampen om utmarka: Hytter, beitemark eller urørt natur?","authors":"Jørund Aasetre","doi":"10.23865/noasp.151.ch4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23865/noasp.151.ch4","url":null,"abstract":"In the Norwegian outfields (utmark), traditional agricultural use, nature conservation, tourism and second home development are opposing interests. This chapter focuses on the municipality of Oppdal and key discourses regarding future land use. Furthermore, how those discourses can lead to continuity or changes in the balance of power in relation to land-use management. The chapter is based on different sources. One is a project focusing on drawing up a master plan for destination development in Oppdal. Other sources include three years of experience holding field courses for natural resource management students at NTNU, in addition to a literature search. Four different discourses related to management of the outfields are identified. Second home development has been an important economic driving force in the local community, and one can identify this as a dominant discourse in the Oppdal community. Against this discourse, there are two other critical discourses. First, there is a discourse considering second home development as a threat to agriculture and grazing rights. The second is a nature conservation-oriented discourse that views second home development as a threat to nature values. As an attempt to bridge these opposing perspectives, a “win-win discourse” has been developed with a focus on sustainable second home development. The question is, does this represent a sufficient reorganization of land use or, on the contrary, represent a “greenwashing” of second home industry? This is an open question, but if we look at other environmental conflicts, then critical discourses often develop in opposition to such “win-win discourses”. Either way, Oppdal is facing some major decisions in relation to future land management.","PeriodicalId":273764,"journal":{"name":"Utmark i endring","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123696048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Menneske og dyr i grenseland – om rettar, rettferd og rett ferd i utmarka

Utmark i endring Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23865/noasp.151.ch7

Frode Flemsæter, K. Brown

{"title":"Menneske og dyr i grenseland – om rettar, rettferd og rett ferd i utmarka","authors":"Frode Flemsæter, K. Brown","doi":"10.23865/noasp.151.ch7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23865/noasp.151.ch7","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, we examine how people and animals have co-created borders, land rights and practices in outfields (utmark) in Norway. Further, we examine how this plays a part when change and increasing diversity is managed. We do this by examining conflicts arising between farmers, landowners and reindeer herders in Norway, resulting from policy imperatives towards agricultural diversification. We find that different stakeholders with rights that are relevant in this context may have different capacities to respond when valuations of outfield resources change, and that the human-animal relations in reindeer herding are having a particular impact on these capacities. We argue that the current regulatory system negotiating the interests of different stakeholders with rights struggles to comprehend or deal with issues of animal agency and mobility in reindeer-herding practices. We propose that Haraway’s concept of response-ability can be useful to help make more-than-human agency more visible, and therefore better accounted for, in the unsettling and resettling of property relations in the Norwegian outfields. This allows us to understand more precisely how human-animal relations, in our case relations between reindeer and reindeer herders, affect the responses available to the various stakeholders when land and land-use rights in the outfields are negotiated.","PeriodicalId":273764,"journal":{"name":"Utmark i endring","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114157847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Stien i endring? Om det godes paradoks

Utmark i endring Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23865/noasp.151.ch9

Odd Inge Vistad

{"title":"Stien i endring? Om det godes paradoks","authors":"Odd Inge Vistad","doi":"10.23865/noasp.151.ch9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23865/noasp.151.ch9","url":null,"abstract":"The trail is the most important helping measure in friluftsliv (i.e. outdoor recreation or OR), mainly since walking in the neighborhood or local forest is the most frequent friluftsliv activity. Historically, trails were linear structures through the landscape to help people move from A to B for various purposes, and generally a trail was the result of systematic trampling along a preferred durable route. In OR, the activity and the experiences along the trail are often regarded as more important than moving from A to B. Preference studies in Norway have shown that a narrow, simple, dirt trail through an open, mature forest is the most attractive type of trail. Developed, graveled and broader trails are visually less attractive, likewise for wooden boardwalks. Today, new trails and restored trails seem to be systematically developed, broadened and hardened with gravel, wooden boardwalks or a stone surface. And there are many good reasons for this, like limiting erosion and ground impact, stimulating OR volume and thereby public health, helping disabled persons to access nature, building attractions for tourists, stimulating new activities (like biking), maintaining OR access in built-up areas, etc. A new “trail normality” is on the way, and I see (potential) losses: The friluftsliv culture and human–nature relation are changing, and a “graveled nature” is likely to be less attractive for children. Constant trail maintenance is needed, which takes the attention away from high quality friluftsliv landscape and replaces it with friluftsliv infrastructure. A heavy responsibility rests on the responsible OR management authorities in balancing various OR and trail measures.","PeriodicalId":273764,"journal":{"name":"Utmark i endring","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129043667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Utmarksetikk i endring?

Utmark i endring Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23865/noasp.151.ch11

M. Thorseth

引用次数: 0

Har utmarka blitt historie?

Utmark i endring Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23865/noasp.151.ch10

Knut Fageraas

{"title":"Har utmarka blitt historie?","authors":"Knut Fageraas","doi":"10.23865/noasp.151.ch10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23865/noasp.151.ch10","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past hundred years we have seen a wide-ranging agricultural land abandonment process and land-use transformation with respect to the outfields of rural areas. In addition, large outfield areas have been protected as nature reserves and national parks, concealing their cultural legacy. Despite a shift in the landscape’s status and its diminished importance to rural livelihoods, we have witnessed a broadened interest in the cultural heritage of outlying fields. This is apparent not least in the fact that the historical remains and cultural landscape of outfield areas have come to the forefront of national cultural heritage policy, are targets for tourism initiatives, and have been at the core of local identity struggles. This chapter takes as its point of departure the growing field of heritage politics in present day society through a focus on the many actors’ engagement with different aspects of the past in relation to landscape characteristics and historical remains in outfield areas. The aim is to provide insight into ways the past is managed and engaged in certain political, economic and social contexts, as a background to reflect on diverse aspects of cultural heritage, social justice related to its management, and its value for local communities. Cultural heritage policy and practices contribute to the varying uses of outfield areas, affecting ways people perceive the landscape, dwell within it, and – despite the potential for conflict of interest – see future opportunities.","PeriodicalId":273764,"journal":{"name":"Utmark i endring","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123416265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reindriftas sårbarhet og Norges ansvar

Utmark i endring Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23865/noasp.151.ch2

Jan Åge Riseth, S. Eilertsen, Bernt Johansen

{"title":"Reindriftas sårbarhet og Norges ansvar","authors":"Jan Åge Riseth, S. Eilertsen, Bernt Johansen","doi":"10.23865/noasp.151.ch2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23865/noasp.151.ch2","url":null,"abstract":"In Norway, the reindeer exists as both a wild and semi-domesticated species. The latter forms the basis of a livelihood and industry that is the clearest characteristic of Sámi culture, and it is protected by international law and the Norwegian Constitution. Nevertheless, reindeer herding is threatened by loss of land used for infrastructure and recreation facilities development, as well as human activities in the outfields (utmark). Reindeer are physically vulnerable, and society’s institutions do not provide sufficient protection of land for grazing and herding of reindeer. Politicians and the general public are largely unaware of this. The chapter documents this by analyzing land-use challenges in two reindeer-herding districts. Besides loss of pastureland, the accumulated effect of former losses is a loss of flexibility, which makes adaptation to new challenges increasingly difficult. The authors suggest several practical measures (e.g. plans, maps, etc.), but also point to the need for general education in Sámi culture and affairs, for politicians as well as the public. This should be a part of necessary reconciliation processes in the context of historical assimilation policies. Furthermore, the Norwegian government should strengthen its efforts to realize the intentions of plan and building laws by strengthening local and regional government obligations.","PeriodicalId":273764,"journal":{"name":"Utmark i endring","volume":"328 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121676420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Utmark i endring – når nye tider gir andre tilhøve

Utmark i endring Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23865/noasp.151.ch1

Bjørn Egil Flø, Frode Flemsæter

引用次数: 0