{"title":"Bringing it all back home","authors":"Carly S Whelan, Edward A. Roualdes","doi":"10.3828/hgr.2018.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/hgr.2018.32","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000During the ethnohistoric period, the Kucadɨkadɨ (Mono Lake Paiute) regularly made journeys from the Mono Basin to Yosemite Valley to collect acorns. Archaeological evidence indicates that this practice pre-dates the time of Euro-American contact. It is unclear, however, whether these journeys were undertaken primarily for social or economic reasons. We evaluate the hypothesis that long-distance acorn transport was a viable subsistence strategy in the Mono Basin by comparing it to competing subsistence strategies. We do this by introducing a new model for examining resource transport. Using data gleaned from the ethnographic and experimental literature, we employ a Monte Carlo simulation to approximate the probability distribution of the return rates of transporting basket loads of various resources to a hypothetical winter camp in the Mono Basin. Our analysis indicates that long-distance acorn transport is a viable subsistence strategy that produces better mean return rates than collecting small seeds within the Mono Basin. Though pinyon pine nuts and Pandora moth caterpillars produce the highest return rates, these resources are not available every year and cannot be collected in enormous quantities. Acorns may have buffered against subsistence shortfall during the winter and allowed the Kucadɨkadɨ to permanently settle in the Mono Basin.","PeriodicalId":271872,"journal":{"name":"Hunter Gatherer Research: Volume 4, Issue 4","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121689361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hunter-gatherer archaeology in California and the Great Basin","authors":"Christopher Morgan, Carly S Whelan","doi":"10.3828/hgr.2018.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/hgr.2018.27","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":271872,"journal":{"name":"Hunter Gatherer Research: Volume 4, Issue 4","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124679868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The cost of firewood","authors":"K. Crawford","doi":"10.3828/hgr.2018.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/hgr.2018.31","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Firewood management is a key component of hunter-gatherer subsistence. the costs of time and labour required to gather firewood can affect labour allocation, social organisation, foodways and settlement patterns. An important factor in understanding the costs of fuel gathering is the availability of wood, the most common source of fuel, on the landscape. this study uses survey and time trials to quantify fuel availability and gathering time of a single day’s firewood in an unexploited environment in a northern California blue oak grassland. the study found that the available wood fuel in a central place territory would be consumed in under a year. this suggests that changes in the lifeways of prehistoric California hunter-gatherers may have in part been influenced by the need for fuel management.","PeriodicalId":271872,"journal":{"name":"Hunter Gatherer Research: Volume 4, Issue 4","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128960994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The incredible edible hare","authors":"D. Schmitt, K. Lupo, D. Madsen","doi":"10.3828/hgr.2018.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/hgr.2018.28","url":null,"abstract":"Hares (Lepus spp) have been common residents of Great Basin valley bottoms and piedmonts throughout the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Although their skeletal remains often dominate regional zooarchaeological collections and ethnographic records across the American West detail the importance of Lepus to native peoples, many studies of human subsistence productivity consider these mammals to be a low-ranked resource. We critique some methodological constructs and interpretations of the prey choice model and compare the abundances of hares and artiodactyls in regional archaeological sites to maintain that hares represented a multidimensional resource that often comprised the core of the diet. Beyond nutritional returns, they provided people with hunting implements and life-saving warmth, and cooperative drives helped establish familial and sociopolitical bonds. Ethnographic documentation and the abundance of hare remains in regional sites indicate they were likely always an integral part of lifeways rather than an inefficient resource targeted only when purportedly high-ranked prey resources were unavailable.","PeriodicalId":271872,"journal":{"name":"Hunter Gatherer Research: Volume 4, Issue 4","volume":"211 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123357847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Core-periphery dynamics in the Kern River watershed","authors":"D. C. Harvey","doi":"10.3828/hgr.2018.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/hgr.2018.33","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study generates a comprehensive database of archaeological resources to evaluate Late Prehistoric (c 1500-150 cal BP) settlement and land use behaviours in the Kern River watershed of the far southern Sierra Nevada, California. These behaviours are evaluated using a habitat suitability model that relates the spatial distribution of critical subsistence resources present within the study area to suitability. Determining the habitat distribution operating in the Kern River watershed during the Late Prehistoric period is difficult using the model developed here. Settlement and land use behaviours trend towards a free distribution when evaluating all archaeological data associated with the Late Prehistoric period, but the results trend towards a despotic distribution when only incorporating lower elevation sites typically associated with more intensive residential activities. While it is difficult to identify these patterns using the model developed here, it is possible to identify several preferred areas within the study area. Preferred areas in the Kern River watershed are generally located in ecotonal habitats which contain less access to staple resources than peripheral habitats reflecting traditional Californian or Great Basin ecosystems. A settlement and land use strategy focused on ecotonal habitats at the core of the territory promotes territorial maintenance in several ways including creating a physical and social buffer against potential competitors, maintaining access to two staple resource bases and promoting long-term territorial stability among numerous ethnolinguistic populations. These results have implications for our understanding of the range of territorial behaviours practised by foraging groups, particularly low population density groups like the Tubatulabal.","PeriodicalId":271872,"journal":{"name":"Hunter Gatherer Research: Volume 4, Issue 4","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115643074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"When mortars speak volumes","authors":"Kyle Palazzolo","doi":"10.3828/hgr.2018.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/hgr.2018.30","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Among the various categories of ground stone technology in pre-colonial California, the mortar has a celebrated role in the shift to a subsistence economy dominated by acorn processing and consumption. The size and shape of mortars, both bedrock and portable, facilitated pulverising and grinding of these and other resources. It seems logical, therefore, to assume that larger mortar cavities, within certain limits, would be more productive than smaller ones. The experiment presented here was designed and conducted to test this hypothesis; it aims to determine whether increasing the depth and width of a mortar cavity improves acorn flour production. The potential application of these data to a technological investment model are discussed, emphasising future research goals and comparison with similar studies.","PeriodicalId":271872,"journal":{"name":"Hunter Gatherer Research: Volume 4, Issue 4","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129329135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An evaluation of demographic and sociocultural factors affiliated with cooperative artiodactyl hunting in the prehistoric Great Basin, USA","authors":"Kari Sprengeler, Christopher Morgan","doi":"10.3828/hgr.2018.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/hgr.2018.29","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This research evaluates the association of ethnographically derived demographic and sociocultural variables with a large sample of communal, landscapescale hunting features (drivelines, corrals and traps) from across the Great Basin; it does so in an attempt to identify the sociocultural contexts that may have encouraged or discouraged people to cooperate rather than compete or operate individually. Results indicate that communal hunting was associated with moderate population densities and with greater degrees of ritual and some forms of property ownership, but not with greater degrees of leadership or territoriality. The implications of this work are that high population densities and entrenched leadership positions are not necessarily required for large-scale cooperative efforts and that territoriality may have retarded cooperation at the scales required to elicit large-scale group effort, at least in regions with relatively low population densities. It also appears that ritual may have played a role in generating the coherence necessary for cooperation among oftentimes far-flung, autonomous families and that privatising communal hunting features was necessary to underwrite the technological investment entailed by making and using these features.","PeriodicalId":271872,"journal":{"name":"Hunter Gatherer Research: Volume 4, Issue 4","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127305153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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