Indiana Journal of Earth Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Quaternary Stratigraphy and Geomorphic History of the Flatwoods Region of Owen and Monroe Counties, Indiana","authors":"P. Jacobs, H. Gray, Henry M. Loope, J. Antinao, R. Rupp","doi":"10.14434/ijes.v5i1.34294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/ijes.v5i1.34294","url":null,"abstract":"The Flatwoods region of Owen and Monroe Counties, Indiana is an archetype of late Quaternary history of the southern Midwest. We compile decades of field observations and sampling, including soil cores, a deep test hole, and hundreds of water well, seismic, and other data sources, to construct a detailed Quaternary stratigraphy and geomorphic history of the region, including a model of the preglacial bedrock topography. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) techniques provide the first numerical ages of the sediments and reveal the Illinois Episode glacier advanced into the region between 111-175 ka. Gray, calcareous Illinois Episode sediments dominate the valley fill, but highly weathered red glaciogenic sediments in the eastern part of the region may be related to a pre-Illinois Episode glacial event. Fine-grained stratified lake sediments indicate the southwestward draining bedrock valley was flooded as glacial ice entered the drainage basin. Sandy outwash covers the lake sediment marking the advance of glacier ice that ultimately crossed the basin and deposited till. Till is found in several ice-marginal ridges interpreted to be moraines marking the glacial limit. The Flatwoods valley routed water to the east end of the region where it spilled over one or more cols into Raccoon Creek, then continued toward the Ohio River in a glacial drainage system developed along the glacier margin. The Sangamon Geosol is a pervasive soil stratigraphic unit developed into Illinois Episode sediments, eroded only in modern stream valleys. The Geosol is well expressed morphologically, noted mostly by deep leaching of carbonates, red colors, and weathered mineralogy. Wisconsin Episode glaciation is represented by eolian sediments, including a thin increment of silty sediment incorporated into the upper solum of the Sangamon Geosol. Windblown Peoria Loess, deposited between ~27-16 ka, blankets the entire Flatwoods region, with greatest thicknesses preserved on flat lake or outwash plain landforms.\u0000Supplemental DataGeodatabase: The geodatabase includes locations of water-well records, borehole and outcrop sites, geophysical (gamma-ray) logs, refraction seismic surveys, passive seismic (horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio [HVSR]) surveys, and data from the geological literature.Metadata: FGDC-compliant metadata for geodatabase.Data: Analytical data and other geological information include: a downhole geophysical (gamma-ray); data from the 2019 test hole, including clay mineralogy, core photographs, a downhole gamma-ray log, and particle size analysis; Indiana Geological and Water Survey (IGWS) archive data, which is comprised of borehole descriptions; a copy of Jacobs' (1994) Ph.D. dissertation; scanned profile description sheets and core stratigraphy from Jacobs (1994); and supplementary optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) data.ReadMe: Detailed file directory explaination of items within each of the supplemental data item ZIP files.","PeriodicalId":270102,"journal":{"name":"Indiana Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128791261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Curiosity Cabinets: Revitalizing the Cabinet of Curiosity for the 21st century with the IGWS Learning Lab","authors":"A. Wollenweber, P. Sturgeon, Kristen Wilkins","doi":"10.14434/ijes.v5i1.35666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/ijes.v5i1.35666","url":null,"abstract":"Natural history collections are groups of biologic and geologic objects that provide a physical record of Earth’s lifeforms and processes, both past and present. Natural history specimens can include rocks, minerals, fossils, plants, animals, and sediment. These specimens are scientifically organized, documented, and preserved in museums and universities to reconstruct Earth’s past, understand the present, and forecast the future.\u0000Natural history collections inspire, create wonder, lead us to ask questions, and allow us to connect with science and the world around us.  \u0000The Learning Lab is an experiential learning center that brings our collections out of storage for hands-on discovery. Part museum, part lab, and part classroom, the Learning Lab is where you can discover thousands of authentic rock, mineral, and fossil specimens, observe real-time datasets and geologic wonders, compare crystal shapes and fossil biology with sophisticated microscopes, question the world beneath your feet using scientific evidence, and create art and other connections inspired by our collections.  ","PeriodicalId":270102,"journal":{"name":"Indiana Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116723119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2023 IGWS calendar","authors":"S. Clifford, P. Sturgeon, Casey J. R. Jones, K. Wilkins, William Knauth, Matthew S. Johnson","doi":"10.14434/ijes.v5i1.35576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/ijes.v5i1.35576","url":null,"abstract":"This year's Indiana Geological and Water Survey calendar focuses on our new state fossil, the mastodon (Mammut americanum).","PeriodicalId":270102,"journal":{"name":"Indiana Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134475330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coal and Coal Byproducts as Potential Sources of Rare Earth Elements (REE) in Indiana","authors":"M. Mastalerz, A. Drobniak, T. Branam","doi":"10.14434/ijes.v4i1.35307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/ijes.v4i1.35307","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to evaluate coal and coal byproducts (coal waste, coal ash, and acid mine drainage) in Indiana as potential sources of rare earth elements (REE). On a whole-rock basis, most Indiana coal samples have REE content below 100 ppm, and only some samples of the Brazil and Staunton Formations (Lower and Upper Block and Viking B coals) reach 100 ppm. Because REE concentrations vary between locations and within individual coal beds, and the correlations of coals within the Brazil and Staunton Formations are often uncertain, a better understanding of the stratigraphy of these formations is needed to identify the most promising REE horizons.\u0000Owing to a long history of coal mining, Indiana has numerous coal preparation plants and associated coarse-and fine-grained coal refuse (known, respectively, as gobs and slurry ponds). This paper reviews the available data on locations and volumes of these deposits. The total extent of slurry pond deposits was estimated at 2,765 acres, and the total volume estimates ranged from 94,000,000 to 136,000,000 cubic yards. No estimates are available for gob deposits in Indiana. To our knowledge, no REE data are available for coal preparation plant waste in Indiana, except for minimal data from coal slurry in Warrick County. Water streams from abandoned coal mines and coal processing (acid mine drainage, AMD) could also be a source of REE or other critical minerals; we review available data from AMD sites.\u0000Indiana, having many coal-fired power plants, has accumulated a large quantity of coal ash during its mining history. Our estimates indicate that coal ash deposits occupy ~2,184 acres, storing ~52,566,153 m3 of ash. Volume estimates for individual coal ash sites come from various sources and present our best estimates at this time. To our knowledge, no REE data are available on coal ash in Indiana. Such data would be of great value because coal ash deposits could be an important resource for REE, other critical minerals, or other high-value carbon products.","PeriodicalId":270102,"journal":{"name":"Indiana Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129655337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organic-matter-rich Pennsylvanian Black Shales as a Source of Critical Minerals","authors":"M. Mastalerz, A. Drobniak, P. Ames","doi":"10.14434/ijes.v4i1.34421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/ijes.v4i1.34421","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines Pennsylvanian shales in Indiana as a potential source of selected critical elements: rare earth elements (REE), vanadium (V), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd). Widespread, organic-matter-rich marine Desmoinesian black shales are the main target, but other discontinuous shale horizons were also sampled in 11 locations. In total, 39 shale samples were analyzed in this study. The shales are early mature and represent the early oil generation window. The average concentrations of REE in the marine shales studied vary from 164.9 ppm in the Excello Shale to 338.7 ppm in the Carrier Mills Shale. REE distribution patterns show that most shales have REE values roughly representative of the upper continental crust (UCC). Only one sample of the Carrier Mills Shale was enriched compared to the upper continental crust (REE concentration/UCC>5). The shales are characterized by high uranium (U) content, with averages for marine shales from 70.8 ppm in the Excello Shale to 133.8 ppm in the Veale Shale. In contrast, non-marine shales grouped under “other shales” category had the lowest U concentration of 3.3 ppm. Molybdenum (Mo) concentrations in the marine shales are very high at places exceeding 1000 ppm. Among the shales studied, the Mecca Quarry Shale is the most enriched in Mo (average 1103.8 ppm), followed by the Veale Shale (876.7 ppm). The “other shales” category has the lowest Mo content (2.5 ppm) due to deposition under oxygenated conditions. The marine shales are highly enriched in Zn, As, and Cd. Specifically, the Mecca Quarry Shale is the most enriched in Zn, with some samples having content as high as 5480 ppm. Furthermore, the Excello Shale and the Veale Shale have Zn concentrations more than ten times higher than the UCC (~70 ppm). The As content is the highest in the Veal Shale, averaging 61.7 ppm, and some samples reach more than 200 ppm — highly enriched compared to 1.8 ppm in UCC. The Excello Shale, Mecca Quarry Shale, and Veale Shale are all strongly enriched in Cd (76.1, 74.2, and 49.2 ppm on average, respectively), and the Carrier Mills Shale has the lowest average value of 8.5 ppm. These data demonstrate that Pennsylvanian marine black shales are a potential resource of V, Zn, As, and Cd, whereas in non-marine shales, the concentrations of these elements are much lower. In turn, the REE potential needs further investigation; more data are needed to better understand REE concentrations and their associations.","PeriodicalId":270102,"journal":{"name":"Indiana Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114723576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Pennsylvanian Paleosols in Indiana with a Special Reference to Rare Earths (REE) and Lithium","authors":"M. Mastalerz, A. Drobniak, P. Ames, Patrick McLaughlin","doi":"10.14434/ijes.v4i1.33975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/ijes.v4i1.33975","url":null,"abstract":"This study characterizes Pennsylvanian paleosols from coal-bearing strata in Indiana, with the main emphasis on the abundance and distribution on rare earths (REE) and lithium (Li). Eleven locations in southwest Indiana were selected for this study, targeting paleosols of both the Carbondale Group and the Raccoon Creek Group. Most paleosols were directly underlying coal beds. Lithologically, paleosols range from grey mudstones to greenish-gray claystones and occasional siltstones. In the Carbondale Group, the thickest paleosol horizons occur under the Danville and the Houchin Creek Coal Members, with their thickness reaching close to 10 feet. In the Raccoon Creek Group, the paleosol under the Wise Ridge Coal appears to be thickest (4.6 to 11.4 feet) and best developed.\u0000Total REE content in paleosol samples ranges from 138.8 ppm to 728.55 ppm, with an average range of 208.3 ppm (Colchester paleosol) to 342.9 ppm in the paleosol under the Upper Block Coal. Light REE dominate over heavy REE, and the variation in the light REE is responsible for the largest variations of the total REE. The largest amount of the heavy REE (61 ppm) occurs in the paleosol under the Lower Block Coal, whereas the paleosol under the Upper Block Coal has the largest variation in the heavy REE content (49 to 148 ppm). REE patterns for paleosol samples show very weak to no fractionation among light, medium, and heavy REE, with no major anomalies present. The majority of paleosols have REE values that are roughly representative of the upper continental crust. Only some paleosols are slightly enriched and these are paleosol samples under the Danville Coal and the Upper Block Coal. Lithium content in the paleosol samples shows a variation from 21 ppm to 530 ppm. On average, the Wise Ridge Coal is richest in Li (249.3 ppm), followed by Viking B Coal (190.8 ppm). The coals of the Brazil and Staunton Formations have higher Li content than the younger coals. Although this study has not uncovered large concentrations of REE or lithium, the wide range of concentrations and potential ease of their extraction from these clay-rich rocks imply that the paleosols deserve further examination, and the current study can be used as a screening guide for more focused investigation.","PeriodicalId":270102,"journal":{"name":"Indiana Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125189673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rare Earth Elements: A brief overview","authors":"A. Drobniak, M. Mastalerz","doi":"10.14434/ijes.v4i1.33628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/ijes.v4i1.33628","url":null,"abstract":"Recent years have witnessed increasing awareness and interest in rare earth elements (REE). These several, usually unfamiliar elements, are key components of countless products used in our daily lives. Because of their use in many modern technologies, including those important for national security, the demand for REE grows, and so does the production, need to find their new sources and improve the extraction. This article provides an overview of REEs, their availability, production, and uses, and briefly discusses the future of these valuable and critical metals.  ","PeriodicalId":270102,"journal":{"name":"Indiana Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121640603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2022 IGWS calendar","authors":"Sara Clifford, William Knauth, P. Sturgeon, Jennifer Lanman, M. Johnson, Barbara Hill","doi":"10.14434/ijes.v4i1.33531","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/ijes.v4i1.33531","url":null,"abstract":"The annual Indiana Geological and Water Survey calendar focuses on an area of Survey research, interest or history. The topic of the 2022 calendar is scientific illustrations. For nearly 50 years between them, two artist-draftsmen, Robert \"Bob\" Judah and Wilbur \"Bill\" Stalions, translated scientific concepts and research into a visual medium so that more people, including those without a scientific background, could understand the work of the Survey. This calendar contains scans of some original works which have been kept in Survey archives and have not been visible to the public, as well as previously published works from multiple decades.","PeriodicalId":270102,"journal":{"name":"Indiana Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134229975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quaternary Geology of the Indiana Portion of the Western Extent of the South Bend 30- x 60-Minute Quadrangle","authors":"J. Antinao, R. Rupp","doi":"10.14434/ijes.v3i1.33241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/ijes.v3i1.33241","url":null,"abstract":"This is a map. It has no abstract.","PeriodicalId":270102,"journal":{"name":"Indiana Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127243787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bedrock Geologic Map of the Northern Half of the Bedford 30- X 60-Minute Quadrangle, Indiana","authors":"Donald C. Tripp, Jayson Eldridge, Sarah A. Burgess","doi":"10.14434/ijes.v3i1.33299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14434/ijes.v3i1.33299","url":null,"abstract":"The Bedrock Geologic Map of the Northern Half of the Bedford 30- X 60-Minute Quadrangle is an Esri File Geodatabase that contains six feature data sets, five geodatabase tables, and two raster data sets detailing the bedrock geology of the northern half of the Bedford 30- X 60-minute quadrangle in Indiana. This data set conforms to \"GeMS (Geologic Map Schema)--a standard format for the digital publication of geologic maps.\" For more information on GeMS please refer to the supplemental information within this metadata.","PeriodicalId":270102,"journal":{"name":"Indiana Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128879700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}