Imperial MetropolisPub Date : 2019-09-16DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0002
Jessica Kim
{"title":"Pueblo, City, Empire","authors":"Jessica Kim","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores how Los Angeles’s imperial aspirations at the end of the nineteenth century originated with figures such as Civil War veteran and diplomat William Rosecrans, who campaigned vocally for investors in Southern California to invest in Mexico and to tie the two regions together through financial networks. For context, it gives an overview of the Spanish empire in Los Angeles as well as the American ideology of Manifest Destiny that prompted the Mexican-American War. It then explores early investment connections between Los Angeles and Mexico through the figures of Rosecrans, Mexican president Porfirio Díaz, Mexican diplomat Guillermo Andrade, and Mexican American Ignacio Sepúlveda. These individuals were instrumental in creating an investment and trade network based in Los Angeles and extending into Mexico as early as the 1870s. Many of these individuals also advocated for the creation of an “informal” American empire to facilitate investment in Mexico and the growth of Los Angeles.","PeriodicalId":269293,"journal":{"name":"Imperial Metropolis","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114267395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Imperial MetropolisPub Date : 2019-09-16DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0006
Jessica Kim
{"title":"Against Capital and Foreigners","authors":"Jessica Kim","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the expropriation of American and Los Angeles-owned properties in Mexico between 1920 and 1940. As the Mexican Revolution shifted Mexico toward economic nationalism, Los Angeles investors faced the process of expropriation and profit loss. Under the Mexican Constitution of 1917 and from the presidency of Álvaro Obregón through the presidency of Lázaro Cárdenas, rural Mexicans pushed the Mexican state to confiscate foreign-owned investment properties, including agricultural land and oil properties. Harry Chandler, publisher of the Los Angeles Times, led many of the efforts to prevent the expropriation of American-owned investment properties under Article 27 of the Mexican constitution. Ultimately, however, American investors lost control of their properties through the expropriation process, adjudicated by the U.S.-Mexican Claims Commissions in the 1930s. Despite these economic losses, efforts to prevent expropriation and win compensation continued to link an urban core in Los Angeles to a Mexican periphery.","PeriodicalId":269293,"journal":{"name":"Imperial Metropolis","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117268391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Imperial MetropolisPub Date : 2019-09-16DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0004
Jessica Kim
{"title":"Revolution around the Corner and across the Border","authors":"Jessica Kim","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the role of Los Angeles investors in creating the social and economic inequities that led to the Mexican Revolution. The economic ties between Los Angeles and Mexico developed prior to the revolution meant that the revolt in Mexico had a profound impact on the city. Mexican revolutionaries identified American investment as one of the causal factors in economic inequalities in Mexico and deliberately targeted American and Los Angeles investors. In fact, leading Mexican revolutionaries Ricardo and Enrique Flores Magón operated from Los Angeles and Mexican revolutionaries organized revolts on Los Angeles-owned properties in Mexico, including the Colorado River Land Company and the Mexican Petroleum Company. White city builders and investors in Los Angeles struggled to keep control over what they considered their Mexican hinterland or periphery.","PeriodicalId":269293,"journal":{"name":"Imperial Metropolis","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121405733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Imperial MetropolisPub Date : 2019-09-16DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0007
Jessica Kim
{"title":"Highway for the Hemisphere","authors":"Jessica Kim","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores how interest in Mexico continued to orient Los Angles toward the borderlands and Pacific world in the 1930s and through the post-war era. Los Angeles rebuilt its cross-border relationship with Mexico in the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution through the construction of a transnational highway running from Los Angeles to Mexico City. While the political borderline running horizontally between the two countries became increasingly rigid during this period, the construction of the International Pacific Highway reveals how regional elites hoped to strengthen ties through cross-border infrastructure, tourism, and trade. The Automobile Club of Southern California, precursor to the American Automobile Association, and a number of Mexican governors spearheaded the project, which they completed in 1957. Through the highway, elites in Los Angeles and in Mexico envisioned and negotiated a new regional relationship between two borderlands regions.","PeriodicalId":269293,"journal":{"name":"Imperial Metropolis","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116497737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Imperial MetropolisPub Date : 2019-09-16DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0005
Jessica Kim
{"title":"Like Cuba and the Philippines","authors":"Jessica Kim","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores how investors based in Los Angeles expected the U.S. government to intervene on their behalf to protect personal and urban interests from the unrest caused by the Mexican Revolution and the rewriting of the Mexican Constitution in 1917. Drawing on a history of imperial interventions on the part of the United States across Latin America and the Caribbean as well as in the Philippines and Hawaii, Los Angeles investors rolled out a forceful lobbying campaign to push the federal government, particularly President Woodrow Wilson and Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane, to intervene militarily in Mexico. The effort was led by Los Angeles lawyer Thomas Gibbon and oil producer Edward Doheny, and through a lobbying organization formed in Los Angeles, the National Association for the Protection of American Rights in Mexico. These maneuvers for intervention placed Angelenos at the forefront of American foreign policy toward Mexico between 1910 and 1930.","PeriodicalId":269293,"journal":{"name":"Imperial Metropolis","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121898703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Imperial MetropolisPub Date : 2019-09-16DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0003
Jessica Kim
{"title":"Organizing Capital and Controlling Race and Labor","authors":"Jessica Kim","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores how, as Los Angeles capitalists embarked on investment ventures and urban-imperial expansion across Mexico, they extended concepts of race and labor forged in Los Angeles to build networks for investment and to control their Mexican workforce. They channelled a history of working with California’s Mexican American elite into productive partnerships with president Porfirio Díaz and other Mexican elites. Los Angeles investors also applied ideas about race and labor developed in Southern California to their investments in Mexico. These ideas were also linked to their perspective on race and American empire-building around the globe. Anglo-American investors in Los Angeles believed that a hierarchy of race justified their labor system in Southern California as well as imperial exploits around the globe. These investors included William Rosecrans; Harrison Gray Otis, owner of the Los Angeles Times; Senator Thomas Bard; and oil baron Edward Doheny. They believed that Mexican land, resources, and labor could be drawn into Los Angeles’s commercial orbit in the form of a racialized labor system and “informal” empire.","PeriodicalId":269293,"journal":{"name":"Imperial Metropolis","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122631937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Imperial MetropolisPub Date : 2019-09-16DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0008
Jessica Kim
{"title":"Epilogue","authors":"Jessica Kim","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651347.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The epilogue explores the lasting significance of Los Angeles-based investment in Mexico in the late twentieth century. Early Los Angeles investors bequeathed the city with tangible remembrances of their wealth in the form of libraries, colleges, public parks, and a public observatory, still visible across the city’s landscape. More significantly, late nineteenth-century investment strategies designed to link the region to financial networks in Mexico and around the globe had come to fruition in Los Angeles’s status as a “global city” or “global city-region.” In the twenty-first century, global city-regions such as Los Angeles are home to multinational corporations, major centers for manufacturing and trade, and media and finance complexes and often function as the engines of the global economy. Open trade policies such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) facilitate this economic growth but at the expense of Mexico and Mexican workers. Steady economic growth in Los Angeles also attracted Mexican workers, often displaced by policies such as NAFTA, to the region, where they play a key role in helping Los Angeles cement its position as a major economic player in the United States and around the globe.","PeriodicalId":269293,"journal":{"name":"Imperial Metropolis","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116421360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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