Monuments and Sites最新文献_第6页

Frisuren, Panzer und Kleidung der Terrakottaarmee 兵马俑的发型，坦克，衣服

Monuments and Sites Pub Date : 2015-08-10 DOI: 10.11588/MONSTITES.2001.0.22047

Zhongyi Yuan

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Colour Schemes on Wooden Guanyin Sculptures of the 11th to 13th Centuries, with Special Reference to the Amsterdam Guanyin and its Cut Gold-foil Application on a Polychrome Ground 11至13世纪木制观音雕塑的配色方案，特别提到阿姆斯特丹观音及其在彩色地面上的切割金箔应用

Monuments and Sites Pub Date : 2015-08-10 DOI: 10.11588/MONSTITES.2001.0.22336

P. Rösch

{"title":"Colour Schemes on Wooden Guanyin Sculptures of the 11th to 13th Centuries, with Special Reference to the Amsterdam Guanyin and its Cut Gold-foil Application on a Polychrome Ground","authors":"P. Rösch","doi":"10.11588/MONSTITES.2001.0.22336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11588/MONSTITES.2001.0.22336","url":null,"abstract":"Fine threads of gold-foil are a special mode of surface decoration, and up to now have been considered typical for Japanese Buddhist works of art. ' On numerous sculptures and paintings in Japan a decoration with thinly cut gold-foil, called 'cut gold ' (Japan: kirikane), adorns the skirts and scarfs of holy beings in the Buddhist world. In China these geometric patterns, made from extremely thin gold threads, do not seem to have been very common and are rarely found nowadays, even though gold-foil applications, generally called 'applied gold-foil ' (Chinese: tiejiri), are known at least since the 6\"' century dynasty. Until now it has been assumed that this skillful surface decoration had its origins in China, but reached its highest refinement in Japan. However, because of the scarcity of known material, the circumstances of the Chinese cut gold-foil decorations have so far not been properly investigated. With the help of new material which has become available through closer examination and the restoration of Chinese wooden sculptures of the Song, Liao and Jin dynasties in Western Museums, not only the assumption that kirikane originated f rom China can now be confirmed, but furthermore the close relationship between Japanese decoration techniques and their Chinese predecessors can now be established as well. As Japan offers a well-studied and adequate range of examples of kirikane, I will refer to Japanese sculptures to illuminate the Chinese development of cut gold-foil applications. After a short introduction. I will consider some technical questions. To examine the relationship between Chinese and Japanese cut gold-foil decorations, it will be necessary to take a short look at the development of cut gold-foil in both countries. In the second part of the paper, the emphasis will be laid on the Water-Moon Guanyin, kept in the Rijksmuscum in Amsterdam, which shows a complex surface decoration with cut gold-foil. Today, most of the wooden sculptures of the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries no longer show the original polychromy, because of more recent redecorations. Many of them have, however, preserved coats of paint which are datable to the Ming dynasty. They now appear in an overall golden colour, with additional relief or pastiglio patterns on their skirts and scarfs. A short comparison of the front and back of the Guanyin sculpture in the Art Institute of Chicago (fig. 1) shows the different colour schemes: a completely golden surface on the front and a more colourful and varied rendering on the back (fig. 2), which probably reflects the original decoration of the I Ith to 13th century. A similar situation can be observed on the Amsterdam Guanyin (fig. 3 and colour plate VI, 2), where the golden Ming period surface decoration was removed in the 1940s, to reveal a more realistic surface decoration underneath. Hopefully, many more original surface decorations of this period will come to light in the future through close examination and restorati","PeriodicalId":268714,"journal":{"name":"Monuments and Sites","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122614198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Recommendations of the Third Expert Working Group on the Preservation of the Bamiyan Site. Tokyo, 18–20 December 2004 第三专家工作组关于保护巴米扬遗址的建议。2004年12月18日至20日，东京

Monuments and Sites Pub Date : 2015-08-10 DOI: 10.11588/MONSTITES.2009.0.22948

Icomos Hrsg.

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New Methods to Characterise and to Consolidate the Polychrome Qi-lacquer of the Terracotta Army 兵马俑彩漆鉴定与巩固的新方法

Monuments and Sites Pub Date : 2015-08-10 DOI: 10.11588/monstites.2001.0.22331

Ingo Rogner

{"title":"New Methods to Characterise and to Consolidate the Polychrome Qi-lacquer of the Terracotta Army","authors":"Ingo Rogner","doi":"10.11588/monstites.2001.0.22331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11588/monstites.2001.0.22331","url":null,"abstract":"A method for the conservation of aged qi-lacquer layers on silicate material such as terracotta is described. Detachment of the layers would result in the loss of the paint layer. The terracotta army of the Chinese emperor Qin Shihuangdi in Lintong / China is a prominent example of this problem because the paint layer is bound to the surface by an intermediate qi-lacquer layer. This layer has aged 2200 years, buried in wet clay and will detach from the surface if relative humidity drops below 84 % after the excavation. Mcthacrylic monomers were of special interest as solidifying materials because of their long lifetime and their excellent transparency. Lacquer samples were treated with watersolublc 2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylatc (HEMA) which was polymerised by electron-beam radiation with an electron energy of 1.0 McV In the experiments the dose was administered in three steps of 20 kGy. Micro-organisms and mould are destroyed by the electron-beam radiation. Infra-redand mass spectroscopical evaluation shows no damaging effect of electron-beam radiation (300 kGy) on the qi-lacquer. Original qi-lacquer and lacquer consolidated with the method described above were characterised by laser desorption mass spectroscopy (LD-MS). The formation of HEMA polymers with 4-6 monomer units within the lacquer was proved by laser desorption MS. Infrared spectroscopy reveals that the degree of polymerisation is proportional to the applied dose. Three original polychrome fragments were successfully treated by electron beam curing. The qi-lacquer is bound to the terracotta, the fragments can be dried, a natural look (not shiny) of the polychrome surface is obtained. Laser video holography was employed to investigate if drastic changes in humidity will affect the consolidated polychrome layer. No damage could be detected after four humidity cycles (35-83 % r. h.). The long term stability will have to be evaluated. The application of electron-beam polymerisation seems to be a promising method for the conservation of the terracotta army of Qin Shihuangdi and other works of art.","PeriodicalId":268714,"journal":{"name":"Monuments and Sites","volume":"51 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132511391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Materials Made of Plant Fibres: Ropes and Textile Fragment 植物纤维制成的材料:绳索和纺织碎片

Monuments and Sites Pub Date : 2015-08-10 DOI: 10.11588/MONSTITES.2009.0.22979

Stephanie Pfeffer, C. Blaensdorf

引用次数: 1

Aims and Results of the Chinese-German Project for the Preservation of the Terracotta Army 中德兵马俑保护项目的目的与成果

Monuments and Sites Pub Date : 2015-08-10 DOI: 10.11588/MONSTITES.2001.0.22327

E. Emmerling

{"title":"Aims and Results of the Chinese-German Project for the Preservation of the Terracotta Army","authors":"E. Emmerling","doi":"10.11588/MONSTITES.2001.0.22327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11588/MONSTITES.2001.0.22327","url":null,"abstract":"\"How the Ancients Portrayed Death\" is the title of a famous work of literature written by the German poet Gotthold Ephraim Lessing in 1769. In this essay, Lcssing gives a detailed description of the \"Ancients \" (the Greeks and Romans) depicting death not as a macabre skeleton but instead personifying it as a winged genius. The horrible and drastic depiction of the skeleton as a \"dead man\" is a post-Antique conception, influenced by Christianity and especially prevalent in the Middle Ages. At this congress. I hope to learn more about how the ancient Chinese conceptualised death. Despite its massiveness and huge dimensions, the terracotta army was \"only\" a burial furnishing which until now has of ten been misunderstood. For many years now. Professor Yuan has done research on the discovery as well as on the function of the terracotta army of the First Emperor. Furthermore, he has also published the existing descriptions concerning the content as well as the arrangement of the actual burial chamber or tumulus grave. How death was conceptualised is still not known. We merely know about the burial rites, rituals and fashions. Since we arc dealing with \"colour\" in our joint project, it would of course be very interesting to learn more about the colour of \"death\" in China. In burial sites found in Germany from the same period no known life-size sculptures have been discovered. Similarities may be found in the grave goods such as weapons, vessels, textiles and bronze objects required for daily use. The antique sculptures in Germany are almost exclusively an inheritance from the Roman Empire. Nevertheless, a joint project between the Terracotta Museum and the Bavarian State Conservation Off ice concerning the conservation of the polychrome terracotta soldiers has been realised. The state restoration workshops of Bavaria have intensively studied the conservation of sculpture polychromy of the last 100 years. Conservation work has been done on countless wooden and stone sculptures dating from 1000 A D and later in the state restoration workshops. In comparison with medieval sculptures, the restoration of polychrome surfaces of antique sculptures is a topic that has only been dealt with superficially. For the majority of sculptures from Greek and Roman civilisations as well as Near East civilisations, research on polychromy has until now remained an unfulfilled desire. This is due to the fact that polychrome surfaces from these civilisations have rarely survived, were lost during excavation, or were removed shortly thereafter to show the \"pure form\" of the sculpture. Even though the polychromy of the terracotta army is in a very fragmented state, the impressive artistic quality has been preserved on countless fragments. For the first time in the history of archaeology, one of the main goals of an excavation is to also preserve the polychromy. which has been partially possible due to the exemplary excavation. Archaeologists in China have taken the opportunity ","PeriodicalId":268714,"journal":{"name":"Monuments and Sites","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126796967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Report on Safeguarding the Remains of the Buddha Statues, 2008 《佛像遗存保护报告》，2008年

Monuments and Sites Pub Date : 2015-08-10 DOI: 10.11588/MONSTITES.2009.0.22967

Bert Praxenthaler

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The History of CIAV CIAV的历史

Monuments and Sites Pub Date : 2015-08-10 DOI: 10.11588/MONSTITES.2002.0.22621

Christoph Machat

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Lack und Lackverwendung auf Ton im frühen China 中国早期的漆和漆器使用

Monuments and Sites Pub Date : 2015-08-10 DOI: 10.11588/MONSTITES.2001.0.22054

Lin Chunmei

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Zur Herkunft des Lacks auf den Soldaten der Terrakottaarmee des ersten Kaisers Qin Shihuang 是秦始皇秦始皇兵团的石冢

Monuments and Sites Pub Date : 2015-08-10 DOI: 10.11588/MONSTITES.2001.0.22053

Jizu Zhang, Zongyan Shang, Rujuan Li

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