Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine最新文献

The Molecular Genetics of Retinoblastoma 视网膜母细胞瘤的分子遗传学

Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2016-11-14 DOI: 10.1002/3527600906.MCB.200400098.PUB2

T. Corson, H. Dimaras

{"title":"The Molecular Genetics of Retinoblastoma","authors":"T. Corson, H. Dimaras","doi":"10.1002/3527600906.MCB.200400098.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600906.MCB.200400098.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Retinoblastoma is a rare, malignant, childhood tumor that is primarily initiated by the inactivation of both alleles of the retinoblastoma tumor susceptibility gene, RB1, in a developing human retinal cell. A rare subset of retinoblastoma is initiated by somatic amplification of the MYCN oncogene in a predisposing retinal cell. Surprisingly the retinoblastoma protein (pRB), encoded by RB1, is an important transcription factor. Cell-cycle control by pRB is mainly accomplished by transcriptional repression of the genes required for cell-cycle progression. Control of differentiation by pRB is achieved by the activation of transcription. Through extensive post-translational modifications and interactions with other proteins, pRB and family members also influence senescence, chromosomal stability, and apoptosis. Almost every type of tumor has disruption in the retinoblastoma pathway associated with tumor progression, but germline mutation of the RB1 gene predisposes children to a 95% specific risk of developing retinoblastoma and a significantly increased risk of second primary tumors, such as osteosarcoma and melanoma. However, retinoblastoma is also characterized by other genomic changes subsequent to RB1 mutation. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000aneuploidy; \u0000apoptosis; \u0000chromosome instability (CIN); \u0000E2F ; \u0000LOH ; \u0000MYCN ; \u0000proband; \u0000RB1 ; \u0000retinoblast; \u0000retinoma; \u0000SV40 ; \u0000TAg ; \u0000tumor suppressor","PeriodicalId":268680,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116494075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Development of the Autonomic Nervous System 自主神经系统的发展

Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2016-11-14 DOI: 10.1002/3527600906.MCB.201600018

W. H. Chan, L. Stamp, C. Hirst, S. McKeown, C. Anderson, H. Young

引用次数: 2

Origination, Variation, and Conservation of Animal Body Plan Development 动物身体计划发展的起源、变异和保护

Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2016-07-26 DOI: 10.1002/3527600906.MCB.200400164.PUB2

S. Newman

{"title":"Origination, Variation, and Conservation of Animal Body Plan Development","authors":"S. Newman","doi":"10.1002/3527600906.MCB.200400164.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600906.MCB.200400164.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"Multicellular organisms develop from fertilized eggs or asexual propagules. In the case of animals the developmental processes by which their bodies take form originated in several phases beginning between 600 and 700 million years ago, in the Ediacaran period. Genes and signaling pathways, many of which were present in unicellular ancestors, came to mediate morphogenesis and cell pattern formation by virtue of bringing into play physical effects that were newly relevant on the scale of cell aggregates. Focusing on “liquid-like” properties of cell clusters and their capacity to act as “excitable media,” this review explores how the products of ancient and some novel genes of what became the “developmental toolkit” were variously employed to mobilize well-characterized physical effects and processes (cohesivity, phase separation and disaggregation, surface and shape polarization of cells, chemical oscillation, reaction–diffusion coupling) in the cell aggregates that eventually evolved into animal bodies and organs. This interplay of physics and genetics led to the generation of morphological motifs such as the tissue layering of gastrulation, lumen formation, body elongation, triploblasty, segmentation, and patterning of endoskeletal elements. Since not all founding lineages had identical sets of toolkit genes, not all morphogenetic and patterning processes were equally present in their descendents. These “physico-genetic” factors collectively account for the conservation and diversity of body plans seen in the present-day animal phyla. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000“basal” metazoans; \u0000basal lamina; \u0000convergent extension; \u0000diploblasts; \u0000liquid tissue; \u0000lumen formation; \u0000multilayering; \u0000saltational evolution; \u0000segmentation; \u0000triploblasts; \u0000tetrapod limbs","PeriodicalId":268680,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115155522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

Modes and Mechanisms of Speciation 物种形成的模式和机制

Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2016-07-26 DOI: 10.1002/3527600906.MCB.201600015

Hannes Schuler, G. Hood, S. Egan, J. Feder

{"title":"Modes and Mechanisms of Speciation","authors":"Hannes Schuler, G. Hood, S. Egan, J. Feder","doi":"10.1002/3527600906.MCB.201600015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600906.MCB.201600015","url":null,"abstract":"In The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin described the formation of new species as the “mystery of mysteries”. More than 150 years after Darwin first posed the problem much progress has been made in discerning what creates the great diversity of life. Speciation is the evolutionary process where a group of inbreeding populations diverges into two or more reproductively isolated groups. In this chapter, we summarize the current understanding of speciation in sexually reproductive organisms. In particular, we describe how barriers to gene flow evolve and focus on the most important factors promoting speciation. Further, we integrate different perspectives by describing recent progress from many different model systems for the study of speciation. Building on this work, we emphasize new genomic approaches to the study of speciation and how advances in DNA sequencing methods will revolutionize our understanding of the genetic basis of the speciation process. We conclude by summarizing our current understanding of speciation and show that although much of Darwin's mystery is solved, many important questions remain. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000speciation; \u0000genomics; \u0000gene flow; \u0000reproductive isolation; \u0000symbiosis","PeriodicalId":268680,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131132180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Synthetic Genetic Oscillators 合成遗传振荡器

Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2016-04-19 DOI: 10.1002/3527600906.MCB.201600009

Nicholas C. Butzin, W. Mather

引用次数: 7

Deciphering the Epigenetic Code of Embryonic Neurogenesis 解读胚胎神经发生的表观遗传密码

Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2016-04-19 DOI: 10.1002/3527600906.mcb.201600012

Abhijeet Pataskar, Johannes M. Jung, V. Tiwari

{"title":"Deciphering the Epigenetic Code of Embryonic Neurogenesis","authors":"Abhijeet Pataskar, Johannes M. Jung, V. Tiwari","doi":"10.1002/3527600906.mcb.201600012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600906.mcb.201600012","url":null,"abstract":"Mammalian cortical development is a multifaceted process that is under the control of precise transcriptional programs. During embryonic neurogenesis, neural progenitor cells undergo defined steps of differentiation to generate functional neurons at distinct stages of development. It is becoming increasingly clear that epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modifications, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling and noncoding RNAs, play critical roles in specifying and maintaining cell-fates during neurogenesis. Furthermore, these mechanisms function in concert with each other and with sequence-specific transcription factors, emphasizing the collaboration between genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in driving neuronal fate. In this chapter, a comprehensive overview is provided of the epigenetic layers that underlie neurogenesis, along with prospective for future challenges in this exciting field. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000histones; \u0000chromatin; \u0000post-translational modification of histones; \u0000DNA methylation; \u0000noncoding RNA; \u0000epigenetics; \u0000corticogenesis; \u0000neural progenitors; \u0000neurons","PeriodicalId":268680,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122897586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Hit-to-Lead Medicinal Chemistry Hit-to-Lead药物化学

Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2016-01-27 DOI: 10.1002/3527600906.MCB.201600001

S. Ward, P. Beswick

引用次数: 0

Metabolic Engineering for the Production of Diols 二醇生产的代谢工程

Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2016-01-27 DOI: 10.1002/3527600906.MCB.201600004

K. Leja, Dorota Samul, P. Kubiak, A. Drożdżyńska, A. Kośmider, W. Juzwa, Mariusz Lesiecki, K. Czaczyk

{"title":"Metabolic Engineering for the Production of Diols","authors":"K. Leja, Dorota Samul, P. Kubiak, A. Drożdżyńska, A. Kośmider, W. Juzwa, Mariusz Lesiecki, K. Czaczyk","doi":"10.1002/3527600906.MCB.201600004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600906.MCB.201600004","url":null,"abstract":"During recent years, the reduced use of chemical processes to produce commodity chemicals, and their substitution with microbiological alternatives, has been frequently observed. However, because of the low efficiency of these biotechnological synthetic materials, investigations are constantly being performed to increase their productivity by controlling the metabolism of bacterial cells. One solution to this problem would be to modify the environmental conditions of the culture of microorganisms or, alternatively, to control the composition of the culture medium by using additional and important enzymes that serve as cofactors in metabolite production. Such production by microorganisms can be also improved by employing genetic engineering tools, whereby modified bacteria are able to synthesize several-fold more desirable metabolites than can wild-type strains. The biotechnological synthesis of diols such as 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD), 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) and 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) by the direct microbial bioconversion of renewable feedstocks, and even from waste materials of biofuel production, has been well described. These diols are widely used in many branches of industry, including the production of chemicals, food products, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. As the methods used to increase the efficiency of their production are still being investigated, recent developments in the production of 1,2-PD, 1,3-PD and 2,3-BD, with regards to the metabolic engineering of production strains and the optimization of fermentation processes, are reviewed and discussed in this chapter. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u00001,2-Propanediol (1,2-PD); \u00001,3-Propanediol (1,3-PD); \u00001,4-Butanediol (1,4-PD); \u00002,3-Butanediol (2,3-PD); \u0000culture conditions; \u0000medium composition; \u0000metabolic engineering","PeriodicalId":268680,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129845514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Synthetic Biology in Biofuels Production 生物燃料生产中的合成生物学

Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2016-01-27 DOI: 10.1002/3527600906.MCB.201600003

Rahul Singh, Anu Jose Mattam, P. P. Jutur, S. Yazdani

{"title":"Synthetic Biology in Biofuels Production","authors":"Rahul Singh, Anu Jose Mattam, P. P. Jutur, S. Yazdani","doi":"10.1002/3527600906.MCB.201600003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600906.MCB.201600003","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing demand of biofuels is inevitable today considering the adverse impact of fossil fuels on environment, issue of its sustainability, rising price, and dependence on foreign countries. However, the question remains on how to produce biofuels in cost effective manner from the non-food resources. The non-food agricultural and forestry residues have recalcitrant biomass that is difficult to hydrolyze via enzymes, and presence of non-conventional pentose sugars and inhibitors makes the sugar fermentation into ethanol a formidable task. Besides, ethanol has its inherent issue of having low energy density and hygroscopic nature, encouraging scientists to look for alternative fuels, such as butanol and hydrocarbons. Algae are another non-food feedstock that is being explored for fuel production, but its low growth rate and low lipid yield in fluctuating environmental growth condition is of great concern. Synthetic biology with its new tools and applications is likely to play a central role in addressing these issues. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000synthetic biology; \u0000biofuels; \u0000lignocellulosic biomass; \u0000metabolic engineering; \u0000feedstock engineering; \u0000microbial engineering; \u0000hydrolytic enzymes; \u0000algal fuels","PeriodicalId":268680,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123179394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Analogs and Antagonists of Male Sex Hormones 男性性激素的类似物和拮抗剂

Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine Pub Date : 2015-10-05 DOI: 10.1002/3527600906.MCB.200500066.PUB2

R. Brueggemeier

{"title":"Analogs and Antagonists of Male Sex Hormones","authors":"R. Brueggemeier","doi":"10.1002/3527600906.MCB.200500066.PUB2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/3527600906.MCB.200500066.PUB2","url":null,"abstract":"The steroid testosterone is the major circulating sex hormone in males and is the prototype for the androgens, the anabolic agents, and androgen antagonists. Endogenous androgens are biosynthesized from cholesterol; the majority of the circulating androgens are produced in the testes under the stimulation of luteinizing hormone (LH). The reduction of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone is necessary for androgenic actions of testosterone in many androgen target tissues such as the prostate; the oxidation of testosterone by the enzyme aromatase produces estradiol. The androgenic actions of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are due to their binding to the androgen receptor, followed by nuclear localization, dimerization of the receptor complex, and binding to specific DNA sequences. This binding of the homodimer to the androgen response element leads to gene expression, stimulation, or repression of new mRNA synthesis, and subsequent protein biosynthesis. The synthetic androgens and anabolics were prepared to impart oral activity to the androgen molecule, to separate the androgenic effects of testosterone from its anabolic effects, and to improve on its biological activities. Novel nonsteroidal androgens, termed selective androgen receptor modulators, were developed to impart agonist activity in selective tissues. Drug preparations are used for the treatment of various androgen-deficient diseases and for the therapy of diseases characterized by muscle wasting and protein catabolism. Androgen antagonists include antiandrogens, which block interactions of androgens with the androgen receptor, and inhibitors of androgen biosynthesis and metabolism. Such compounds have therapeutic potential in the treatment of acne, virilization in women, hyperplasia and neoplasia of the prostate, and baldness. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Keywords: \u0000 \u0000androgens; \u0000testosterone; \u0000dihydrotestosterone; \u0000anabolics; \u0000antiandrogens; \u0000selective androgen receptor modulators; \u00005α-reductase inhibitors","PeriodicalId":268680,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121265902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2