{"title":"Gold as a Means of Exchange in Scandinavian England (c.AD 850–1050)","authors":"J. Kershaw","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198827986.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827986.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"The Viking bullion economy is often characterized as a silver economy, based on the weight and fineness of silver objects, regardless of their form. In this chapter, new archaeological evidence from England is presented which suggests that gold objects had a greater monetary role than has previously been appreciated. The material consists of tested gold ingots, hack-gold, and weight-adjusted gold ornaments, found in areas of documented Scandinavian activity and settlement. The date of the items suggests that most belong to the ninth century. A case is made for linking the monetary use of gold with the contemporary activity of the Viking Great Army and their heightened gold resources following Viking raids in western Europe. The mounting evidence for gold bullion highlights the diverse material forms ‘money’ could take in the Viking Age, providing a more rounded and accurate view of Viking Age exchange.","PeriodicalId":267231,"journal":{"name":"Silver, Butter, Cloth","volume":"387 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115307501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tracing the Late Viking Age and Medieval Butter Economy","authors":"Aaron Critch, J. Harland, J. Barrett","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198827986.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827986.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Easily preserved and high in energy, butter was a reliable foodstuff during the medieval period for northerners vulnerable to short growing seasons and occasional crop failure. This chapter assesses the value of butter as commodity-money in late Viking Age and medieval Orkney, and advances new methodologies to aid the identification of perishable foodstuffs used in payments. It reviews documentary evidence for payments in butter, which indicates that farms produced butter not only to meet their own needs, but also to pay taxes, rents, and tithes. It then proposes a means of identifying butter payment in the archaeological record. It argues that zooarchaeological and other bioarchaeological evidence from excavated farm sites can elucidate the strategies employed in raising dairy animals, allowing the identification of sites that probably produced high quantities of butter. This is demonstrated through an investigation of local subsistence strategies at Quoygrew, a settlement of farmers and fishers on the island of Westray in Orkney.","PeriodicalId":267231,"journal":{"name":"Silver, Butter, Cloth","volume":"643 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120846646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Silver Fragmentation","authors":"M. Jankowiak","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198827986.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827986.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the phenomenon of silver fragmentation from the evidence of silver hoards deposited in the Baltic area. Focusing on the evidence of dirhams, it charts an increase in silver fragmentation in an anticlockwise direction around the Baltic Sea. This culminates in hoards from the west Slavic lands (Poland and eastern Germany), in which dirham fragments often weigh just fractions of a gram. Chronological and geographical patterns are presented to suggest that the degree of dirham fragmentation reflects not local monetary circulation, but the number of times dirhams changed hands in commercial transactions. In this sense, the degree of fragmentation reflects the distance dirhams travelled from their source. The implication is that silver was above all a means of payment in transactions related to the long-distance trade—especially in slaves and furs.","PeriodicalId":267231,"journal":{"name":"Silver, Butter, Cloth","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123370762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"As Long as it Glitters","authors":"G. Ingvardson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198827986.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827986.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers the phenomenon of mixed hoards, containing both minted and non-minted silver, from the Baltic island of Bornholm. Rather than following a general Scandinavian trend towards coin-only hoards, on Bornholm mixed hoards dominated until the twelfth century. They are often interpreted as signifying a somewhat primitive bullion economy, within which coins, ingots, jewellery, and scrap silver were traded and treated equally as a means of payment. In this chapter, this interpretation is re-evaluated. Six in-depth case studies are presented, providing a rich narrative context for each hoard. This reveals how mixed hoards with varying compositions and depositional contexts occupied different economic spheres, relating to the monetary, productive, and ritual uses of silver. Hoards should not be seen as a uniform phenomenon, but as mirrors reflecting individual life stories.","PeriodicalId":267231,"journal":{"name":"Silver, Butter, Cloth","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113937928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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