{"title":"Radiometry and Photometry","authors":"Wei-Chih Wang, W. Wang","doi":"10.1002/9781119302773.ch7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119302773.ch7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":263997,"journal":{"name":"Optical Engineering Science","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132214337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Lasers and Laser Applications","authors":"R. Byer","doi":"10.1002/9781119302773.ch12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119302773.ch12","url":null,"abstract":"The year 2015 was declared by the United Nations to be the International Year of Light and light-based technologies. The opening ceremonies not only celebrated the present but also acknowledged the past and hinted at what was in store for the future. In the modern world, 50 years after the demonstration of the laser, light impacts everything we do from communicating, to manufacturing, to health care. This is not surprising, because 50 to 100 years is the adoption cycle of a new technology for widespread use by society. Just think for a moment about railroads, electrification, air transportation, the national highway system, electromagnetic communication from the radio, television, and the Internet. So what about the future of lasers and laser technology?We are now six years into the x-raylaser age, and x-ray lasers based on linear accelerators are being constructed around the world. What will the characteristics and applications of the x-ray laser be 50 years from now? We can expect that, like the radio and the laser, in 50 years the x-ray laser will be integrated into wide use by society in applications such as precision medical imaging, protein structure determination, and coherent transmission of information at rates 10 times higher than with visible light. We can also expect advances in x-ray power that will allow for controlling matter at the high densities suitable for small-scale inertial fusion power generation. The field of x-ray nonlinear interactions will be extended from x-ray to gamma ray frequencies suitable for probing nuclear energy levels and for pumping gamma ray lasers. Laser-driven accelerators will open up a host of applications in the future. Going from Klystrons to laser-driven accelerators reduces physical device scale by 5 orders of magnitude. Accelerators could even be made as all-solid-state devices on a wafer scale. For example, a fewcentimeter-long accelerator will generate MeV-energy electrons at a mode-locked laser repetition rate of 100 MHz and would be ideal for treating patients. Such an accelerator, if fitted into a catheter, would revolutionize radiation medicine. This same technology could enable an all-solidstate scanning electron microscope of centimeter length that is driven by compact fiber lasers. A 1-m laser accelerator with 1 GeV electrons of 10-attosec duration at a 100-MHz repetition rate is ideal for driving a free-electron laser (FEL) that operates at x-ray frequencies. The 100MHz repetition rate allows the consideration of an FEL laser with a resonator to match the 100MHz period. Using, for example, diamond mirrors, this sync-pumped FEL opens the door to upconverting a comb of modes from the visible to x-ray frequencies. This in turn leads to opportunities for precision clocks, precision spectroscopy, and attosecond-timing resolution measurements in the hard-x-ray region, as well as field strengths adequate to ionize the vacuum. Imagine the vacuum as the ideal nonlinear medium for future experiment","PeriodicalId":263997,"journal":{"name":"Optical Engineering Science","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132109848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interferometers and Related Instruments","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/9781119302773.ch16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119302773.ch16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":263997,"journal":{"name":"Optical Engineering Science","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130087622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dennis Gallagher, Phil Oakley, Steve, Tomczyk, Pete Nelson
{"title":"Optical Design","authors":"Dennis Gallagher, Phil Oakley, Steve, Tomczyk, Pete Nelson","doi":"10.1002/9781119302773.ch18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119302773.ch18","url":null,"abstract":"Geometrical optics, on which much of optical system design is based, is a venerable branch of physics and mathematics. However, despite the longevity of the discipline, technological advances continue to shape the field of optical system design. The papers in this special section give interesting insights into the past, overviews of how technology has shaped the field in our lifetime, as well as a glimpse into future directions of optical design. Evidence of the deep roots of geometrical optics is given in the paper by Giuseppe Molesini, where early advances on the understanding of rays are described. The works of luminaries such as Galileo, Kepler, and Descartes figure prominently in this paper. A 20th century luminary in the field of lens design, Rudolph Kingslake, is the subject of another historical paper by R. Barry Johnson. In that paper, Kingslake’s early work is described, done before coming to the United States to join the University of Rochester. In that work you can clearly see the portents of what was to become a long and distinguished career. More recent history is the subject of an interesting paper by Iain Neil, in which he describes how technological advancements have influenced optical design over the past 30 years. One advancement discussed in that paper, namely the increased ability to manufacture and test aspheric surfaces, has enabled the use of aspheric surfaces to improve quality, reduce the number of elements, or both. This trend is emphasized in the work described in a separate paper by Chris Bigwood and Andrew Wood on two-element lens systems for military applications. These two-element lens systems can be made surprising high performance with reduced weight, cost, and size. A more recent, forward-looking trend is represented in the paper by Peter Goldstein on freeform Fresnel lenses. Freeform lenses appear set to become more widespread, not only in nonimaging applications, but also for imaging systems. This paper offers an interesting design approach for freeform analogs of the classical Fresnel lens. Our thanks to the authors who contributed to this special section, as well as the reviewers and the staff at SPIE. We hope that you find the papers as interesting as we have.","PeriodicalId":263997,"journal":{"name":"Optical Engineering Science","volume":"119 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134475458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spectrometers and Related Instruments","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/9781119302773.ch17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119302773.ch17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":263997,"journal":{"name":"Optical Engineering Science","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131738474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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