Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles最新文献

Information and control in gray-box systems 灰盒系统中的信息和控制

Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles Pub Date : 2001-10-21 DOI: 10.1145/502034.502040

A. Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau

{"title":"Information and control in gray-box systems","authors":"A. Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau","doi":"10.1145/502034.502040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/502034.502040","url":null,"abstract":"In modern systems, developers are often unable to modify the underlying operating system. To build services in such an environment, we advocate the use of gray-box techniques. When treating the operating system as a gray-box, one recognizes that not changing the OS restricts, but does not completely obviate, both the information one can acquire about the internal state of the OS and the control one can impose on the OS. In this paper, we develop and investigate three gray-box Information and Control Layers (ICLs) for determining the contents of the file-cache, controlling the layout of files across local disk, and limiting process execution based on available memory. A gray-box ICL sits between a client and the OS and uses a combination of algorithmic knowledge, observations, and inferences to garner information about or control the behavior of a gray-box system. We summarize a set of techniques that are helpful in building gray-box ICLs and have begun to organize a \"gray toolbox\" to ease the construction of ICLs. Through our case studies, we demonstrate the utility of gray-box techniques, by implementing three useful \"OS-like\" services without the modification of a single line of OS source code.","PeriodicalId":263344,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles","volume":"356 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123107697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 176

Building efficient wireless sensor networks with low-level naming 用低级命名构建高效的无线传感器网络

Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles Pub Date : 2001-10-21 DOI: 10.1145/502034.502049

J. Heidemann, Fabio Silva, C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, D. Estrin, Deepak Ganesan

{"title":"Building efficient wireless sensor networks with low-level naming","authors":"J. Heidemann, Fabio Silva, C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, D. Estrin, Deepak Ganesan","doi":"10.1145/502034.502049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/502034.502049","url":null,"abstract":"In most distributed systems, naming of nodes for low-level communication leverages topological location (such as node addresses) and is independent of any application. In this paper, we investigate an emerging class of distributed systems where low-level communication does not rely on network topological location. Rather, low-level communication is based on attributes that are external to the network topology and relevant to the application. When combined with dense deployment of nodes, this kind of named data enables in-network processing for data aggregation, collaborative signal processing, and similar problems. These approaches are essential for emerging applications such as sensor networks where resources such as bandwidth and energy are limited. This paper is the first description of the software architecture that supports named data and in-network processing in an operational, multi-application sensor-network. We show that approaches such as in-network aggregation and nested queries can significantly affect network traffic. In one experiment aggregation reduces traffic by up to 42% and nested queries reduce loss rates by 30%. Although aggregation has been previously studied in simulation, this paper demonstrates nested queries as another form of in-network processing, and it presents the first evaluation of these approaches over an operational testbed.","PeriodicalId":263344,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125399639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 758

Resilient overlay networks 弹性覆盖网络

Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles Pub Date : 2001-10-21 DOI: 10.1145/502034.502048

D. Andersen, H. Balakrishnan, F. Kaashoek, R. Morris

{"title":"Resilient overlay networks","authors":"D. Andersen, H. Balakrishnan, F. Kaashoek, R. Morris","doi":"10.1145/502034.502048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/502034.502048","url":null,"abstract":"A Resilient Overlay Network (RON) is an architecture that allows distributed Internet applications to detect and recover from path outages and periods of degraded performance within several seconds, improving over today's wide-area routing protocols that take at least several minutes to recover. A RON is an application-layer overlay on top of the existing Internet routing substrate. The RON nodes monitor the functioning and quality of the Internet paths among themselves, and use this information to decide whether to route packets directly over the Internet or by way of other RON nodes, optimizing application-specific routing metrics.Results from two sets of measurements of a working RON deployed at sites scattered across the Internet demonstrate the benefits of our architecture. For instance, over a 64-hour sampling period in March 2001 across a twelve-node RON, there were 32 significant outages, each lasting over thirty minutes, over the 132 measured paths. RON's routing mechanism was able to detect, recover, and route around all of them, in less than twenty seconds on average, showing that its methods for fault detection and recovery work well at discovering alternate paths in the Internet. Furthermore, RON was able to improve the loss rate, latency, or throughput perceived by data transfers; for example, about 5% of the transfers doubled their TCP throughput and 5% of our transfers saw their loss probability reduced by 0.05. We found that forwarding packets via at most one intermediate RON node is sufficient to overcome faults and improve performance in most cases. These improvements, particularly in the area of fault detection and recovery, demonstrate the benefits of moving some of the control over routing into the hands of end-systems.","PeriodicalId":263344,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129119392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 409

An empirical study of operating systems errors 操作系统错误的实证研究

Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles Pub Date : 2001-10-21 DOI: 10.1145/502034.502042

Andy Chou, Junfeng Yang, B. Chelf, Seth Hallem, D. Engler

引用次数: 784

A low-bandwidth network file system 低带宽网络文件系统

Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles Pub Date : 2001-10-21 DOI: 10.1145/502034.502052

Athicha Muthitacharoen, Benjie Chen, David Mazières

引用次数: 308

Mesh-based content routing using XML 使用XML的基于网格的内容路由

Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles Pub Date : 2001-10-21 DOI: 10.1145/502034.502050

A. Snoeren, Kenneth Conley, D. Gifford

{"title":"Mesh-based content routing using XML","authors":"A. Snoeren, Kenneth Conley, D. Gifford","doi":"10.1145/502034.502050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/502034.502050","url":null,"abstract":"We have developed a new approach for reliably multicasting time-critical data to heterogeneous clients over mesh-based overlay networks. To facilitate intelligent content pruning, data streams are comprised of a sequence of XML packets and forwarded by application-level XML routers. XML routers perform content-based routing of individual XML packets to other routers or clients based upon queries that describe the information needs of downstream nodes. Our PC-based XML router prototype can route an 18 Mbit per second XML stream.Our routers use a novel Diversity Control Protocol (DCP) for router-to-router and router-to-client communication. DCP reassembles a received stream of packets from one or more senders using the first copy of a packet to arrive from any sender. When each node is connected to n parents, the resulting network is resilient to (n − 1) router or independent link failures without repair. Associated mesh algorithms permit the system to recover to (n − 1) resilience after node and/or link failure. We have deployed a distributed network of XML routers that streams real-time air traffic control data. Experimental results show multiple senders improve reliability and latency when compared to tree-based networks.","PeriodicalId":263344,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132700135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 249

Managing energy and server resources in hosting centers 管理托管中心的能源和服务器资源

Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles Pub Date : 2001-10-21 DOI: 10.1145/502034.502045

J. Chase, Darrell C. Anderson, P. N. Thakar, Amin Vahdat, Ronald P. Doyle

{"title":"Managing energy and server resources in hosting centers","authors":"J. Chase, Darrell C. Anderson, P. N. Thakar, Amin Vahdat, Ronald P. Doyle","doi":"10.1145/502034.502045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/502034.502045","url":null,"abstract":"Internet hosting centers serve multiple service sites from a common hardware base. This paper presents the design and implementation of an architecture for resource management in a hosting center operating system, with an emphasis on energy as a driving resource management issue for large server clusters. The goals are to provision server resources for co-hosted services in a way that automatically adapts to offered load, improve the energy efficiency of server clusters by dynamically resizing the active server set, and respond to power supply disruptions or thermal events by degrading service in accordance with negotiated Service Level Agreements (SLAs).Our system is based on an economic approach to managing shared server resources, in which services \"bid\" for resources as a function of delivered performance. The system continuously monitors load and plans resource allotments by estimating the value of their effects on service performance. A greedy resource allocation algorithm adjusts resource prices to balance supply and demand, allocating resources to their most efficient use. A reconfigurable server switching infrastructure directs request traffic to the servers assigned to each service. Experimental results from a prototype confirm that the system adapts to offered load and resource availability, and can reduce server energy usage by 29% or more for a typical Web workload.","PeriodicalId":263344,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133189704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1496

The costs and limits of availability for replicated services 复制服务的成本和可用性限制

Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles Pub Date : 2001-10-21 DOI: 10.1145/502034.502038

Haifeng Yu, Amin Vahdat

{"title":"The costs and limits of availability for replicated services","authors":"Haifeng Yu, Amin Vahdat","doi":"10.1145/502034.502038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/502034.502038","url":null,"abstract":"As raw system and network performance continues to improve at exponential rates, the utility of many services is increasingly limited by availability rather than performance. A key approach to improving availability involves replicating the service across multiple, wide-area sites. However, replication introduces well-known tradeoffs between service consistency and availability. Thus, this paper explores the benefits of dynamically trading consistency for availability using a continuous consistency model. In this model, applications specify a maximum deviation from strong consistency on a per-replica basis. In this paper, we: i) evaluate availability of a prototype replication system running across the Internet as a function of consistency level, consistency protocol, and failure characteristics, ii) demonstrate that simple optimizations to existing consistency protocols result in significant availability improvements (more than an order of magnitude in some scenarios), iii) use our experience with these optimizations to prove tight upper bounds on the availability of services, and iv) show that maximizing availability typically entails remaining as close to strong consistency as possible during times of good connectivity, resulting in a communication versus availability trade-off.","PeriodicalId":263344,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125362200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 21

Bugs as deviant behavior: a general approach to inferring errors in systems code 作为异常行为的bug:一种推断系统代码错误的通用方法

Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles Pub Date : 2001-10-21 DOI: 10.1145/502034.502041

D. Engler, D. Y. Chen, Andy Chou

{"title":"Bugs as deviant behavior: a general approach to inferring errors in systems code","authors":"D. Engler, D. Y. Chen, Andy Chou","doi":"10.1145/502034.502041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/502034.502041","url":null,"abstract":"A major obstacle to finding program errors in a real system is knowing what correctness rules the system must obey. These rules are often undocumented or specified in an ad hoc manner. This paper demonstrates techniques that automatically extract such checking information from the source code itself, rather than the programmer, thereby avoiding the need for a priori knowledge of system rules.The cornerstone of our approach is inferring programmer \"beliefs\" that we then cross-check for contradictions. Beliefs are facts implied by code: a dereference of a pointer, p, implies a belief that p is non-null, a call to \"unlock(1)\" implies that 1 was locked, etc. For beliefs we know the programmer must hold, such as the pointer dereference above, we immediately flag contradictions as errors. For beliefs that the programmer may hold, we can assume these beliefs hold and use a statistical analysis to rank the resulting errors from most to least likely. For example, a call to \"spin_lock\" followed once by a call to \"spin_unlock\" implies that the programmer may have paired these calls by coincidence. If the pairing happens 999 out of 1000 times, though, then it is probably a valid belief and the sole deviation a probable error. The key feature of this approach is that it requires no a priori knowledge of truth: if two beliefs contradict, we know that one is an error without knowing what the correct belief is.Conceptually, our checkers extract beliefs by tailoring rule \"templates\" to a system --- for example, finding all functions that fit the rule template \"a must be paired with b.\" We have developed six checkers that follow this conceptual framework. They find hundreds of bugs in real systems such as Linux and OpenBSD. From our experience, they give a dramatic reduction in the manual effort needed to check a large system. Compared to our previous work [9], these template checkers find ten to one hundred times more rule instances and derive properties we found impractical to specify manually.","PeriodicalId":263344,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131084807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 794

Building a robust software-based router using network processors 使用网络处理器构建一个健壮的基于软件的路由器

Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles Pub Date : 2001-10-21 DOI: 10.1145/502034.502056

Tammo Spalink, S. Karlin, L. Peterson, Y. Gottlieb

{"title":"Building a robust software-based router using network processors","authors":"Tammo Spalink, S. Karlin, L. Peterson, Y. Gottlieb","doi":"10.1145/502034.502056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/502034.502056","url":null,"abstract":"Recent efforts to add new services to the Internet have increased interest in software-based routers that are easy to extend and evolve. This paper describes our experiences using emerging network processors---in particular, the Intel IXP1200---to implement a router. We show it is possible to combine an IXP1200 development board and a PC to build an inexpensive router that forwards minimum-sized packets at a rate of 3.47Mpps. This is nearly an order of magnitude faster than existing pure PC-based routers, and sufficient to support 1.77Gbps of aggregate link bandwidth. At lesser aggregate line speeds, our design also allows the excess resources available on the IXP1200 to be used robustly for extra packet processing. For example, with 8 × 100Mbps links, 240 register operations and 96 bytes of state storage are available for each 64-byte packet. Using a hierarchical architecture we can guarantee line-speed forwarding rates for simple packets with the IXP1200, and still have extra capacity to process exceptional packets with the Pentium. Up to 310Kpps of the traffic can be routed through the Pentium to receive 1510 cycles of extra per-packet processing.","PeriodicalId":263344,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles","volume":"15 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121180065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 171