The Open Microbiology Journal最新文献

{"title":"Beyond the Virus: Exploring Coinfections in the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Reyhane Rasizadeh, Esmael Shouri Milani, Parisa Shiri Aghbash, Vahid Arefi, Hamidreza Fathi, J. S. Nahand, Taher Entezari-Maleki, H. B. Baghi","doi":"10.2174/0118742858274177231110050202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118742858274177231110050202","url":null,"abstract":"The global impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, cannot be understated. Amidst the relentless focus on this viral adversary, we must not lose sight of an equally formidable challenge – the lurking threat of bacterial coinfections that can exacerbate morbidity and mortality. Various factors, including ICU admissions, age demographics, microbiota disturbances, and empirical antibiotic use, contribute to the specter of bacterial coinfections. Respiratory tract coinfections, often featuring Streptococcus pneumoniae, precede bacteremia and urinary tract involvement. However, the bacterial landscape in COVID-19 coinfections is a diverse tapestry with regional and institutional variations. Unlike its viral counterparts, COVID-19 exhibits a lower incidence of bacterial coinfection, underscoring the urgency of judicious antibiotic administration to curb the looming threat of antimicrobial resistance. Pandemics have historically witnessed an upsurge in coinfection-related morbidity and mortality. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted realm of bacterial, viral, and fungal coinfections amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. We scrutinize their impact on the respiratory and urinary tracts, blood, microbiota, and the ominous emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms. In conclusion, we explore nuanced treatment strategies in the quest for effective pandemic management.","PeriodicalId":261114,"journal":{"name":"The Open Microbiology Journal","volume":"158 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139264929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Antibiotics Used in COVID-19 Patients in West of Iran: A Descriptive Study","authors":"Hassan Mahmoudi","doi":"10.2174/0118742858249570230920110535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118742858249570230920110535","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: In coronavirus disease (COVID-19), antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat bacterial co-infections. Moreover, antibiotics are one of the pre-eminent essential drugs utilized in treatment. However, due to their high cost and association with resistance, their consumption pattern is important to be considered. In this regard, the first step is to optimize the use of these drugs. Objective: Regarding limited data on assessing the pandemic effect on antibiotics used in Iran, this study aimed to describe the evaluation of antibiotics used in COVID-19 patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in West Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 350 COVID-19 patients were enrolled in hospitals, and their characteristics, such as age, sex, ward, beginning and conclusion dates, organization intervals, dose, and the type of antibiotic utilized, were assessed. It was found that 180 COVID-19 patients received systemic antibiotics. Antibiotic administration was analyzed based on a Defined Daily Dose (DDD) /100-bed days (expended per 100-bed occupied days). Results: A total of 180 (51.43%) of the COVID-19 patients received antimicrobials, comparable to 219.62 DDD/100-bed days. Moreover, 85% of the antimicrobials were infused, and 15% were oral. Among the wards, the highest rate was in the infectious and intensive care unit (ICU) wards and the lowest in the obstetrics and gynecology wards. Conclusion: The use of antibiotics in patients with COVID-19 was assessed as very high, which should be reviewed in terms of the association between misuse of antibiotics and the emergence of resistance.","PeriodicalId":261114,"journal":{"name":"The Open Microbiology Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135460801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Microbial Signatures in the Faecal Microbiome Associated with Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis: Bacteroides Finegoldii and Veillonella Dispar","authors":"R. Hasan, Ashish Kumar, S. Bose, R. Roy, A. Arora, Praveen Sharma, S. Nagumantri, D. Paul, Sangeeta Choudhury","doi":"10.2174/18742858-v17-e230803-2023-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18742858-v17-e230803-2023-7","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Alcoholic hepatitis is associated with dysbiosis, resulting in compositional changes in the gut microbiome, endotoxin transfer to the portal vein, and activation of inflammatory signalling pathways in the liver. However, the microbiome signature of severe alcoholic hepatitis (AH) patients of Indian origin is unknown.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 To investigate the microbiome diversity of Indian AH patients in comparison to non-alcoholic healthy controls (HC).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 16S rRNA amplicon-based metagenomics analysis of faecal samples at the time of AH diagnosis (n=12) was compared with HC (n=6), and correlation with survival status, co-occurrence networking, Linear Discriminant Analysis Effect Size (LEfSe), and the relationship between diet – microbiome were performed.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 16S rDNA data showed a significant abundance of the Enterobacteriaceae family belonging to the phylum Proteobacteria and a depletion of the phylum Firmicutes in AH. A species-level classification identified Klebsiella pneumonia, Klebsiella variicola, and Parabacteroides distasonis as having the highest predictive performance value with reference to mortality at 60 days. Apart from this, a unique finding was the abundance of Bacteroides finegoldii and Veillonella dispar in AH patients. Moreover, the co-occurrence networking analysis revealed a higher level of connectivity and complexity within the microbial community of AH patients compared to HC. Thus, indicating the significant positive association (Spearman r > 0.7, p < 0.01) among members of the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria phyla in AH. Wilcoxon-Rank Sum test (p < 0.01) identified Firmicutes phyla occurrence associated with high carbohydrate intake and Actinobacteria phyla with low protein intake.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The findings provide the baseline occurrence profile of the gut microbiome signature of liver damage and the diet-microbiome relationship in patients with severe AH. The study demonstrated an abundance of Proteobacteria phyla, indicating their role in inflammatory conditions, and further identified Bacteroides finegoldii and Veillonella dispar in severe AH patients. Additionally, Klebsiella pneumonia, Klebsiella variicola, and Parabacteroides distasonis were identified as mortality-predictive risk biomarkers.\u0000","PeriodicalId":261114,"journal":{"name":"The Open Microbiology Journal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123365714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saltwater Intrusion Impacts Microbial Diversity and Function in Groundwater Ecosystems","authors":"Karen M Houghton, M. Fournier, C. Tschritter","doi":"10.2174/18742858-v17-230720-2023-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18742858-v17-230720-2023-2","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Groundwater ecosystem services provided by microbial communities are essential for the maintenance of water quality. For example, nitrate contamination is a recognised health and ecosystem issue in most groundwater systems, often alleviated through microbial processes. The effects of climate change, including increasing salinity from rising sea levels, or over-abstraction, on these communities are largely unknown.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 This study uses a combination of culture-dependent (growth curves, isolation of bacteria) and culture-independent (16S rRNA gene sequencing) methods to identify the potential effects of saltwater intrusion on groundwater microbes and their ecosystem functions.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Some groundwater microbial communities are negatively impacted by increasing chloride concentrations, including declines in bacteria responsible for nitrate and ammonia removal. These ecosystems should be prioritised for future protection from sea level rise or increased extraction of groundwater for agriculture and other uses. Other microbial communities are stimulated in the presence of chloride, often caused by an increase in abundance of salt-tolerant heterotrophic bacteria using sugars, peptides, or organic acids for energy.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 There have been no previous studies investigating the impact of chloride on Aotearoa New Zealand groundwaters. The identification of keystone species that are affected by increasing salinity, which have a disproportionately large effect on the ecosystem and low functional redundancy, is essential. Water management decisions about future abstraction limits and defences against sea level rise can be underpinned by robust scientific knowledge about microbial community sensitivity to salinity.\u0000","PeriodicalId":261114,"journal":{"name":"The Open Microbiology Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114721501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"End of an Era: Methods for Microbiology Laboratories Dealing with Experienced Staff Retirements","authors":"Ryan Hopprich, Joanna Hopprich","doi":"10.2174/18742858-v17-230614-2023-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18742858-v17-230614-2023-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":261114,"journal":{"name":"The Open Microbiology Journal","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134080578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Impact of some Plant Extracts against Streptococcus Spp. Isolated from Dental Decay Infection","authors":"Anas Abdullah Hamad, Maryam S. Alhumaidi, Azadeh Manayi","doi":"10.2174/18742858-v17-e230405-2022-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18742858-v17-e230405-2022-25","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study aimed to isolate and identify the Streptococcus spp. bacteria from patients with dental caries infection. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of new plant extracts on isolated Streptococcus spp. was also evaluated. Methods: A total of 150 samples were obtained at random from people of various ages and genders who were suffering from dental caries infection. Four different culture media were used for isolation: nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, blood agar, and Streptococcus selection agar. The identification of bacterial isolates was distinguished by macroscopic examination and the VITEK 2 system. Results: Only 120 cases (80%) showed positive culture, and these were distributed as follows: Streptococcus sanguinis had the highest rate and accounted for 38.33%, and Streptococcus pseudoporcinus represented only 29.16%. A 20% decline was reported for Streptococcus salivarius , with the lowest proportion being 12.5% for Staphylococcus warneri . The MIC for 16 tested plant extracts ranged from 0.97 to 125 µg/mL, whereas the MBC values ranged from 3.9 to 500 µg/mL. Imipenem was a positive control, with MIC values ranging from 3.9 µg/mL to 15.6 µg/mL; the MBCs varied from 31.2 to 125 µg/mL against all isolated species. Conclusion: Among the isolated bacterial species from tooth decay, Streptococcus sanguinis had the highest rate of isolated bacteria and accounted for 38.33%, while Staphylococcus warneri had the lowest percentage at 12.5%. Sargassum, Proskia, and Cicer arietinum were three distinct extracts that demonstrated superior antibacterial activity against all of the tested bacterial species. Their MIC values ranged from 0.97 µg/mL to 15.6 µg/mL, and the MBC values were between 3.9 µg/mL and 31.2 µg/mL.","PeriodicalId":261114,"journal":{"name":"The Open Microbiology Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135806787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in the Ecoepidemiology, Virulence and Diagnosis of Cryptococcus Neoformans and Cryptococcus Gattii Species Complexes","authors":"Kebabonye Kenosi, Jongman Mosimanegape, Loeto Daniel, Kasvosve Ishmael","doi":"10.2174/18742858-v17-e230419-2022-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18742858-v17-e230419-2022-28","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging environmental pathogenic fungal infections, including cryptococcosis, continue to pose a significant threat to humans with compromised immunity and, to some extent, healthy ones. Cryptococcus neoformans was originally identified as the main etiological agent of human cryptococcosis, but recent studies have also identified the occurrence of opportunistic infections caused by Cryptococcus gattii. These two saprophytic facultative yeasts present a paradox as they can infect humans without requiring a host for replication or survival, a phenomenon termed readymade virulence. Many cryptococcal virulence traits appear to have dual effects that provide survival advantages in both animal hosts and the environment. Several molecular techniques have been developed to provide in-depth knowledge of these species complexes. This review will focus on the description of the Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii (CnCg) species complexes and associated cryptococcal pathogenesis, ecological niches, and virulence factors employed by the pathogens to cause disease.","PeriodicalId":261114,"journal":{"name":"The Open Microbiology Journal","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128081853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the Impact of some Plant Extracts against Streptococcus Spp. Isolated from Dental Decay Infection","authors":"Anas Abdullah Hamad, Maryam S. Alhumaidi, A. Manayi","doi":"10.2174/18742858-v17-e230418-2022-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18742858-v17-e230418-2022-25","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 This study aimed to isolate and identify the Streptococcus spp. bacteria from patients with dental caries infection. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of new plant extracts on isolated Streptococcus spp. was also evaluated.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 A total of 150 samples were obtained at random from people of various ages and genders who were suffering from dental caries infection. Four different culture media were used for isolation: nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, blood agar, and Streptococcus selection agar. The identification of bacterial isolates was distinguished by macroscopic examination and the VITEK 2 system.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Only 120 cases (80%) showed positive culture, and these were distributed as follows: Streptococcus sanguinis had the highest rate and accounted for 38.33%, and Streptococcus pseudoporcinus represented only 29.16%. A 20% decline was reported for Streptococcus salivarius, with the lowest proportion being 12.5% for Staphylococcus warneri. The MIC for 16 tested plant extracts ranged from 0.97 to 125 µg/mL, whereas the MBC values ranged from 3.9 to 500 µg/mL. Imipenem was a positive control, with MIC values ranging from 3.9 µg/mL to 15.6 µg/mL; the MBCs varied from 31.2 to 125 µg/mL against all isolated species.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Among the isolated bacterial species from tooth decay, Streptococcus sanguinis had the highest rate of isolated bacteria and accounted for 38.33%, while Staphylococcus warneri had the lowest percentage at 12.5%. Sargassum, Proskia, and Cicer arietinum were three distinct extracts that demonstrated superior antibacterial activity against all of the tested bacterial species. Their MIC values ranged from 0.97 µg/mL to 15.6 µg/mL, and the MBC values were between 3.9 µg/mL and 31.2 µg/mL.\u0000","PeriodicalId":261114,"journal":{"name":"The Open Microbiology Journal","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127272142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Sectoral Involvement in the National Action Plan on Anti-Microbial Resistance in Bangladesh: A Qualitative Study","authors":"Salamat Khandker, Shruthi Thomas, Syed Billal Hossain, Aivee Akhter, Abul Hasan Bakibillah, Faisal Muhammad, P. Mathew, S. A. Ahmad","doi":"10.2174/18742858-v17-e230202-2022-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18742858-v17-e230202-2022-24","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 To combat anti-microbial resistance in Bangladesh, a national action plan is designed with the involvement of multiple sectors.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Sixteen participants were interviewed virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Semi-structured, pre-tested questionnaires were used for data collection using the Key-Informant Interview (KII) technique. Qualitative and quantitative analysis was carried out of relevant information.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Bangladesh has no specific monitoring body for antibiotic prescription, and professionals do not follow national guidelines. Most healthcare settings don't have any protocol for Infection Prevention and Control (IPC), Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), and monitoring facilities. The main factor of Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR) is the availability and accessibility of antibiotics and the dealers who supply antibiotics. Patients consume antibiotics without consulting any qualified doctor. The COVID-19 pandemic and the occurrence of AMR have escalated the use of antibiotics. Abuse of antibiotics in the animal industry is a worrying trend. The Bangladesh National Action Plan 2017 on AMR (BNAP), however, persuaded the top court to issue a ruling restricting the sale of antibiotics without a prescription and to establish an antibiotic surveillance system across the nation. The BNAP on AMR policy has been more effectively implemented thanks to multi-sectoral cooperation.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 To monitor current facilities and spot trends in antibiotic resistance, a multi-sectoral regulatory organization specifically focused on AMR is desperately needed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":261114,"journal":{"name":"The Open Microbiology Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122604958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization and Antioxidant Activity Of C-Phycocyanin Isolated from Spirulina Platensis Under Different Salinity Stress","authors":"P. Mandal, Natasha Nafisa Haque, Elina A. Zenat, M. K. Sarkar, John Liton Munshi, Md. Zamilur Rahman","doi":"10.2174/18742858-v17-e230202-2022-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/18742858-v17-e230202-2022-23","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Following preliminary investigations, Spirulina platensis was chosen for cultivation in either normal or stress medium (Zarrouk) under room conditions to assess the possibility of increasing the total phycobiliprotein content (TPC) and their chemical constituents: C-phycocyanin (C-PC), allophycocyanin (APC), and phycoerythrin (PE), as well as the biomass production of the selected algae under the following stressed conditions.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Various techniques were used to separate, purify, and characterize TPC material. The antioxidant activity of DPPH against free radicals was determined. According to this study, salinity stress with an optimal amount of carbon and nitrogen affects the biomass production of Spirulina platensis as well as its pigments. The results showed that increased TPC content in SP cells was closely related to rising NaCl concentrations in the medium. This study found that NaCl increases the biomass of Spirulina sp. and its total pigment content, which was 5g/L. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Culture growth in the Freezing-thawing method produced the highest C-PC (65.76 mg/g) and purity (0.475), while the sonication method produced 50.18 mg/g and 0.6. Increasing the NaCl concentration above 5 g/l, on the other hand, had no discernible effect on phycocyanin content or purity. TPC of SP (grown in stress NaCl) with high levels of C-PC groups demonstrated strong antioxidant potential when compared to ascorbic acid (standard antioxidant). Isolation, purification, and determination of antioxidant activity of C-Phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis cultured under different salt stress should be further investigated.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The model’s adequacy was confirmed by extracting the C-phycocyanin under the optimum values suggested by the models. Results showed that could be a better method for C-phycocyanin extraction from S. platanssis in terms of antioxidant activity.\u0000","PeriodicalId":261114,"journal":{"name":"The Open Microbiology Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122281247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}