{"title":"Precipitation Processes","authors":"P. Karpiński, J. Bałdyga","doi":"10.1017/9781139026949.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139026949.008","url":null,"abstract":" Rainfall occurs when raindrops become so large, gravity cannot keep them in the air. In warm clouds (clouds having temperatures greater than 0°C), the collisioncoalescence process produces precipitation. Collision The largest drop (i.e., the collector drop) will collect some of the drops in its path when it falls. Coalescence When a ‘collector drop’ and smaller drop come together, two things can happen: They can combine to form a single, larger drop. They can bounce apart. Most times, the two drops stick together. This is known as ‘coalescence’. Collision and Coalescence is the primary method for producing precipitation in the Tropics. In the middle latitudes, clouds that produce precipitation usually have freezing temperatures. As a result, precipitation is usually created by another mechanism. This involves the coexistence of ice crystals and supercooled water droplets. This is known as the Bergeron-Findeisen process, or just the ‘Bergeron process’ for short. Bergeron process In a cloud where ice crystals and supercooled droplets (liquid droplets in subfreezing environments) coexist, the rate of condensation onto the liquid droplet equals the rate of evaporation. As a result, some of the water vapor in the air is deposited directly on the ice crystal. Afterwards, this will result in the liquid droplet evaporating. When the liquid droplet evaporates, even more deposition occurs on the ice crystals. Very simply, ice crystals continue to grow as the supercooled droplets evaporate.","PeriodicalId":259885,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Industrial Crystallization","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123249276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Melt Crystallization","authors":"J. Ulrich, T. Stelzer","doi":"10.1002/9783527650323.ch15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527650323.ch15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259885,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Industrial Crystallization","volume":"58 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132531279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Solutions and Solution Properties","authors":"A. Schwartz, A. Myerson","doi":"10.1016/B978-075067012-8/50003-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-075067012-8/50003-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259885,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Industrial Crystallization","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114689041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Monitoring and Advanced Control of Crystallization Processes","authors":"Z. Nagy, M. Fujiwara, R. Braatz","doi":"10.1017/9781139026949.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139026949.011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259885,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Industrial Crystallization","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126905525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Batch Crystallization","authors":"P. Karpiński, J. Bałdyga","doi":"10.1017/9781139026949.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139026949.012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259885,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Industrial Crystallization","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127602961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Influence of Impurities and Additives on Crystallization","authors":"Lucrèce Nicoud, A. Myerson","doi":"10.1017/9781139026949.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139026949.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259885,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Industrial Crystallization","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126425268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Crystallization in Foods","authors":"R. Hartel","doi":"10.1016/b978-075067012-8/50015-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-075067012-8/50015-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":259885,"journal":{"name":"Handbook of Industrial Crystallization","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121852285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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