Handbook on Social Protection Systems最新文献_第7页

EFFECTS 影响

Handbook on Social Protection Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4337/9781839109119.00071

Zhimin Chen, Shi-jie Liu, S. Cai, Yizhu Yao, H. Yin, H. Ukai, Yoko Uchida, H. Nakatsuka, Takao Watanabe, M. Ikeda

{"title":"EFFECTS","authors":"Zhimin Chen, Shi-jie Liu, S. Cai, Yizhu Yao, H. Yin, H. Ukai, Yoko Uchida, H. Nakatsuka, Takao Watanabe, M. Ikeda","doi":"10.4337/9781839109119.00071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109119.00071","url":null,"abstract":"Mitochondrial dysfunction is the key pathogenic mechanism of cerebral injury induced by high-altitude hypoxia. Some Chinese herbal monomers may exert anti-hypoxic effects through enhancing the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. In this study, effects of 10 kinds of Chinese herbal monomers on mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential of cerebral mitochondria isolated from hypoxia-exposed rats in vitro were investigated to screen anti-hypoxic drugs. Rats were exposed to a low-pressure environment of 405.35 mm Hg (54.04 kPa) for 3 days to establish high-altitude hypoxic models. Cerebral mitochondria were isolated and treated with different concentrations of Chinese herbal monomers (sinomenine, silymarin, glycyrrhizic acid, baicalin, quercetin, ginkgolide B, saffron, piperine, ginsenoside Rg1 and oxymatrine) for 5 minutes in vitro . Mitochondrial oxygen consumption and membrane potential were measured using a Clark oxygen electrode and the rhodamine 123 fluorescence analysis method, respectively. Hypoxic exposure significantly decreased the state 3 respiratory rate, respiratory control rate and mitochondrial membrane potential, and significantly increased the state 4 respiratory rate. Treatment with saffron, ginsenoside Rg1 and oxymatrine increased the respiratory control rate in cerebral mitochondria isolated from hypoxia-exposed rats in dose-dependent manners in vitro , while ginsenoside Rg1, piperine and oxymatrine significantly increased the mitochondrial membrane potential in cerebral mitochondria from hypoxia-exposed rats. The Chinese herbal monomers saffron, ginsenoside Rg1, piperine and oxymatrine could thus improve cerebral mitochondrial disorders in oxidative phosphorylation induced by hypobaric hypoxia exposure in vitro .","PeriodicalId":259224,"journal":{"name":"Handbook on Social Protection Systems","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133555151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 169

Introduction: System design 系统设计

Handbook on Social Protection Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4337/9781839109119.00025

引用次数: 1

Introduction: Groups in focus 简介:小组的焦点

Handbook on Social Protection Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4337/9781839109119.00046

Esther Schüring

{"title":"Introduction: Groups in focus","authors":"Esther Schüring","doi":"10.4337/9781839109119.00046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109119.00046","url":null,"abstract":"While there is a standard set of instruments that can be used in social protection systems, this needs to be adapted and combined in different ways in order to serve different groups in society best. The needs of a young person who is just starting life and should not be trapped from birth in unfavourable socio-economic conditions are different from the social protection requirements of a retired person who has finished the active part of life and requires income and care security for an indefinite time period. While women and men both incur similar life-cycle risks, there are also gender-specific risks and vulnerabilities that social protection systems need to be cognizant of. Last but not least, some groups in society often remain below the social protection radar such as people with disability, workers in the informal sector or refugees. Part IV of this handbook therefore discusses how social protection systems need to be designed so that they pay respect to the different risk profiles, needs and challenges in access of different groups. Needs and challenges change over time, which requires social protection systems to be flexible and responsive to new societal trends. When initially designed, social protection systems in today’s high-income countries were based on the male breadwinner model. As norms and defined roles in society have changed quite dramatically, Chapter 18 by Jones argues that gender-sensitive social protection needs to go beyond a narrow focus on women in their capacity as mothers and also empower girls and women. The understanding of disability has equally changed over time as Côte demonstrates in Chapter 19. It has shifted from no longer viewing people with disability as incapacitated members of society but exploring ways that barriers restricting participation can be lowered. This calls for a different social protection approach. Similar to children (discussed in Chapter 20 by Roelen) and the elderly (discussed by Vargas Faulbaum in Chapter 21), people with disability often require care services. This calls for a different social protection package and careful considerations of how care is being organized without putting the person in need of care as well as the (family) carer in a vulnerable position. While social protection systems often explicitly include the groups mentioned above, even in lowand middle-income countries, the informal sector (discussed in Chapter 22 by Miti, Perkiö, Metteri and Atkins) and refugees (discussed in Chapter 23 by Kool and Nimeh) have been largely excluded from (national) social protection systems. The informal sector is often called the missing middle, too poor to participate in formal insurance mechanisms and not poor enough to qualify for social transfers. Refugees that flee to neighbouring countries mostly benefit from international rather than national support, which risks intensifying conflicts with host communities who might equally fall through the cracks of national protection. A so","PeriodicalId":259224,"journal":{"name":"Handbook on Social Protection Systems","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115830146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

MAJOR CHALLENGES AND REFORM OPTIONS 主要挑战和改革方案

Handbook on Social Protection Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4337/9781839109119.00080

引用次数: 0

POLICY COORDINATION 政策协调

Handbook on Social Protection Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4337/9781839109119.00033

引用次数: 0

Targeting 针对

Handbook on Social Protection Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4337/9781839109119.00027

Stephen Devereux

引用次数: 0

Financing 融资

Handbook on Social Protection Systems Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.4337/9781839109119.00026

Arthur van de Meerendonk

引用次数: 0