{"title":"Banking","authors":"Allen N. Berger, P. Molyneux, John O. S. Wilson","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.1","url":null,"abstract":"A lot has happened in the ten years since the global financial crisis. This chapter starts with a summary of key regulatory and operational issues that have impacted banks in Europe, the US and elsewhere. Banks are much more heavily regulated than pre-crisis, their performance in the US and Europe has been subdued although there are signs that those in the former have turned the corner. There continues also to be ongoing discussion as well as regulatory efforts to improve banking system stability with new rules on capital, liquidity, bailouts, and bail-ins to be fully completed. These issues are covered in the first part of the chapter. We then move on to discuss emerging research themes covering areas including: banks and their impact on the real economy; capital, liquidity, and tax regulation; systemic risk; unconventional monetary policy; FinTech; bank governance and culture; financial consumer protection and financial literacy; and finally financial inclusion. The final part of the chapter provides summaries of all the chapters in the Handbook.","PeriodicalId":258577,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Banking","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115145640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Behavioral Economics, Financial Literacy, and Consumers’ Financial Decisions","authors":"Gregory E. Elliehausen","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.26","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews research in behavioral economics and financial literacy that raises concerns that consumers lack competence to make complex financial decisions. Consumers do not collect comprehensive information or extensively evaluate alternatives. They rely on heuristics that cause them to make systematic errors in judgment, and many individuals lack an understanding of basic financial principles, which arguably would hamper individuals’ ability to manage their finances effectively. Decisions are generally purposive, however, and individuals tend to be deliberative and thoughtful when the situation warrants. Outcomes may not be optimal but such decision processes nevertheless may be an economical means for achieving desired goals. The extent to which these phenomena impair actual decisions in markets is not at all clear. At this time, neither existing behavioral evidence nor conventional economic evidence supports a general conclusion that consumers’ financial decisions are not rational or that markets do not work reasonably well.","PeriodicalId":258577,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Banking","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121528628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Private Information and Risk Management in Banking","authors":"Linda Allen, A. Saunders","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter we describe the risk management challenges faced by financial institutions. The very nature of the banking business requires that financial firms become experts at risk assessment in order to manage their own inventories of risk, obtained during day-to-day business transactions with bank customers. Banks are exposed to interest rate risk, currency risk, liquidity risk, credit risk, and operational risk. The first step in a risk management program is accurate risk measurement. A useful risk measurement tool is the Value at Risk (VaR) model. The 99% VaR model produces predictions such as the worse loss that may occur 1 in every 100 days (or years). In contrast, the 99% Expected Shortfall denotes the average of all losses that occur with a one percent probability. We show that the roots of the global financial crisis of 2007–8 can be found in the failure of financial intermediaries to measure and manage risk properly.","PeriodicalId":258577,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Banking","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127884205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leora F. Klapper, María Soledad Martínez Pería, B. Zia
{"title":"Banking in China","authors":"Leora F. Klapper, María Soledad Martínez Pería, B. Zia","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.35","url":null,"abstract":"The Chinese financial sector has grown at an impressive pace over the last decade, and its banking sector is now the largest in the world. China has also experienced a credit boom, which makes the need to better understand how the Chinese financial sector functions even more important. In this chapter, we first describe the structure and performance of the financial sector in China, focusing largely on banks. Next, we discuss how regulators’ efforts to slow the growth of bank intermediation have been accompanied by rapid growth in shadow-banking products, as banks try to circumvent limits on their ability to grow. Finally, we document China’s progress in expanding consumer access to formal financial services and track the recent expansion of FinTech, especially digital payment products.","PeriodicalId":258577,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Banking","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131427795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corporate Complexity and Systemic Risk","authors":"J. Carmassi, R. Herring","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.4","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter updates and extends our earlier work on the corporate complexity of Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs). The first edition of this chapter, which appeared in the Oxford Handbook of Banking, first edition, was based on data in 2007, documented a notable degree of complexity among most G-SIBs, and warned complexity could pose insuperable obstacles if an institution needed to be resolved, an issue then largely neglected. The Lehman Brothers bankruptcy highlighted these issues, stimulating ambitious initiatives to rationalize the corporate structure of G-SIBs and enhance their resolvability. The second edition, based on data through May 2013, found only mixed evidence of progress in reducing corporate complexity, and noted that some institutions had grown still larger and more complex. In the current edition, published a decade after the crisis, our measures of corporate complexity remain high. Apart from some improvements in the US disclosures, the corporate structures of G-SIBs remain quite opaque. If regulators are to achieve their goal of bolstering confidence in resolution procedures and enhancing market discipline, transparency must be enhanced.","PeriodicalId":258577,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Banking","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130103983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corporate Governance and Culture in Banking","authors":"Jens Hagendorff","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.5","url":null,"abstract":"Banks differ from non-financial firms. These differences affect the manner of agency conflicts between the various bank stakeholder groups compared with non-financial firms. However, the main corporate governance arrangements used in the banking industry to mitigate these agency conflicts are largely similar to those of non-financial firms. A case in point is executive compensation. No other major industry has less equity on the balance sheet than banking. However, executive pay in banking is linked to shareholder wealth just as in other industries thus exacerbating existing incentives for bank managers to shift risk. Further, the governance arrangements in banking make the corporate culture prevailing in banks an important subject to study. This chapter reviews the literature on corporate governance in banking with a focus on those aspects of corporate governance in which banks (should) differ from non-financial firms, that is, executive compensation, the composition of the board of directors, and culture in banks. The chapter encourages a more profound rethink of the corporate governance of banks.","PeriodicalId":258577,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Banking","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130359421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Banking in Australia and New Zealand—Geographic Proximity, Market Concentration, and Banking Integration","authors":"Fariborz Moshirian, Eliza Wu","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.38","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the Australian and New Zealand (NZ) banking industry. Australian and New Zealand banks have undergone significant growth and challenges in the past decade. Australian banks weathered the Great Recession from 2008 and still recorded strong profits and minimal losses while other global banks failed internationally. To understand why this might be, we examine the composition of the closely integrated banking sectors in Australia and NZ, their respective performance, capital levels, and some defining regulatory reforms that have particularly shaped the Australian banking system since the 2008 Global Financial Crisis.","PeriodicalId":258577,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Banking","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114156033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Community Banking Institutions","authors":"Dasol Kim, D. Mckillop","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.12","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in the regulatory environment and technological advances have dramatically changed the competitive landscape for community banking institutions. While only accounting for a fraction of the overall size of the banking industry, community banks are predominant in numbers around the world for a broad range of depository institution types, including commercial banks, savings banks, cooperative banks, and credit unions. The steep decline in the number of community banks in recent times has attracted concern from policymakers, regulators, and academics, and has raised questions on the potential consequences associated with the gradual disappearance of these institutions. What contributed to the growth and resilience of community banks over the past century? Can they remain competitively viable in the current environment? This chapter surveys the literature and provides an institutional overview to understand the continued evolution of these institutions.","PeriodicalId":258577,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Banking","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123209347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Banking Globalization","authors":"C. Buch, Gayle DeLong","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.29","url":null,"abstract":"The financial crisis has renewed interest in the globalization of the banking industry, the patterns of entry into foreign markets, and the effects of complex banking organizations. There is a rich body of literature on international banks, which has recently been expanded by the improved theoretical modeling of the international banking firm and by focusing on implications for (systemic) risk. In this chapter, we focus on three main questions. First, what are the determinants of cross-border entry through acquisitions of commercial banks? Second, what are the effects of cross-border entry on complexity and the efficiency of banks? Third, what are the risk effects of international bank acquisitions, in particular with regard to systemic risk? We begin with a brief summary of the stylized facts, and we conclude with implications for researchers and policymakers.","PeriodicalId":258577,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Banking","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121997012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bank Bailouts and Bail-Ins","authors":"Raluca A. Roman","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198824633.013.21","url":null,"abstract":"During the global financial crisis, governments bailed out banks when their failures threatened to undermine economic and financial stability. After the crisis, governments tried to end bailouts by raising capital requirements, increasing supervisory rules and oversight, and introducing bail-in provisions that require creditors and/or equity holders to assume losses and help recapitalize distressed banks. Some important policy questions are whether bailouts have been effective in meeting their primary goals and whether bail-ins as alternatives can be effective in reducing the need for bailouts and resolving financial institutions facing distress and failure going forward. This chapter surveys the recent literature and other evidence from the US and EU on bailouts and bail-ins to better understand their economic and social costs and benefits. We also discuss briefly other methods to deal with the resolution of distressed large financial institutions.","PeriodicalId":258577,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Banking","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122375896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}