S. Jackson, Victoria A. Hailey, K. Willett, T. Ferris, E. Specking
{"title":"Patterns for Achieving Resilience in Engineered and Organizational Systems","authors":"S. Jackson, Victoria A. Hailey, K. Willett, T. Ferris, E. Specking","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0036","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines how human-created systems in civil and organizational domains maintain their required capability to function effectively in the face of adversity and identifies the factors that enable these systems to remain resilient. Typical civil systems include power grid systems and transportation systems, such as aircraft. Organizational systems include enterprises and governments. Adversities include natural disasters and terrorist attacks. A recurring pattern in all domains is the ability to anticipate and prepare for adversity. Another recurring pattern is the ability for the system to adapt to the adversity. Some resilient systems can withstand adversity and then degrade gracefully to a satisfactory state, return to a prior state, or change to some new state. Both domains utilize a set of techniques to achieve resilience. These recurring patterns are common to both domains and are essential to the resilience of diverse systems.","PeriodicalId":258191,"journal":{"name":"Multisystemic Resilience","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129493899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Embodied Multisystemic Resilience of Architecture and Built Form","authors":"Brian Mcgrath, Dongxue Lei","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0032","url":null,"abstract":"Architecture and built form embody resilience at multiple scales in time and space and are multisystemic. This chapter introduces the concept of operative panarchy, which combines Saverio Muratori’s project to activate the historical knowledge of architecture, cities, and territory and panarchy, based on Lance H. Gunderson and C. S. Holling’s description of adaptive transformations in human and natural systems. Operative panarchy, therefore, offers a framework for embodying multisystemic resilience, through incorporating the empirical evidence and historical analysis of human adaptation and ecosystem transformation in the historical evidence of architecture and built form. Archeological and cultural records, together with our common familiarity with the built environment, demonstrate how humans creatively reorganize and change in response to crisis, both minor everyday sensorimotor breakdowns and unprecedented catastrophic events. An operative panarchy diverges from previous discussions on applying various technical understandings of resilience to the professional practices of architecture and urban design and planning and proposes a more universal and embodied understanding of the multisystemic resilience of architecture and built form. Various examples will be presented, including a discussion on developing the concept of operative panarchy in response to the unprecedented speed and scale of urban development in contemporary China.","PeriodicalId":258191,"journal":{"name":"Multisystemic Resilience","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132783397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Resilience Engineering for Sociotechnical Safety Management","authors":"R. Patriarca","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Modern societies call for a reconsideration of risk and safety, in light of the increasing complexity of human-made systems. Technological artefacts, and the respective role of humans, as well as the organizational contexts in which they operate, dramatically changed in the last decades with an even more severe transformation expected in the future. Rooted in human factors, ergonomics, cognitive engineering, systems thinking and complexity theory, the discipline of resilience engineering proposes innovative approaches for safety challenges imposed by the dynamic, uncertain, and intertwined nature of modern sociotechnical systems. Resilience engineering aims to provide support means for ensuring that systems can sustain required operations under both expected and unexpected conditions. This chapter aims to provide a summary of the scientific field of resilience engineering, as well as a description of two methods common in the field, the resilience analysis grid and the functional resonance analysis method. Following two examples, the chapter proposes a multidisciplinary research agenda for the field.","PeriodicalId":258191,"journal":{"name":"Multisystemic Resilience","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124079221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Social Contexts of Resilient Architecture","authors":"T. Peters","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0033","url":null,"abstract":"In architecture, the term resilience tends to be used narrowly describe a building’s structural and environmental performance in quantitative terms—but can a building be called resilient if it fails to make inspiring spaces for people, promote well-being, or improve people’s experience? The chapter begins by exploring how the term is currently evaluated in and around buildings, through discussion of related concepts such as sustainability, passive survivability, and performance gaps. The chapter traces the emergence of a new generation of building evaluation metrics and certification systems that are focused not solely on environmental performance but also consider synergies between people’s experience and our natural resources, such as Active House. The work of GXN and 3XN in Denmark are discussed, in relation to how their research explores resilience and sustainability by focusing on the social aspects of how buildings make people feel. Examples from the multifunctional, process-based strategies used in a series of new climate adaptation renovations in Copenhagen, Denmark, are discussed as exemplary resilient design projects that address neighborhood flooding by simultaneously improving the qualities of public spaces and better connecting people to nature. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how locally specific and socially focused designs can support more resilient environments for people.","PeriodicalId":258191,"journal":{"name":"Multisystemic Resilience","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126821398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Resilience Humanitarianism and Peacebuilding","authors":"C. Panter-Brick","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"How do we build the foundations for more resilient social, economic, and political systems and link individual with collective resilience to sustain change across generations? These are pressing questions in the fields of resilience humanitarianism and peacebuilding, fields that seek transformative, sustainable changes to achieve ambitious goals affecting research, policy and practice. This chapter provides three examples of systems-level thinking on resilience that have structured the architecture of the humanitarian and peacebuilding agenda. These examples offer proof-of-concept approaches to synergistically foster wealth, health, and peace, in ways that link: resilience and peacebuilding to household wealth and food security; resilience and social cohesion to individual health and stress regulation; and cultures of peace to caregiving and early child development. They emphasize a theory of change that strives to strengthen the social compact between state, civil society, and families in contexts of fragility, conflict, or forced displacement. Resilience is an everyday practice for crisis-affected communities, one rooted in the political economy of social action and structural transformation. Efforts to build systems-level resilience require careful work with respect to conceptual clarity, meaningful measurement, and grounded intervention.","PeriodicalId":258191,"journal":{"name":"Multisystemic Resilience","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114244069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Resilience in the Salutogenic Model of Health","authors":"M. Mittelmark","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the question, how does Antonovsky’s salutogenic model of health address the concept resilience? Resilience scholarship focuses on coping processes in persons and groups who experience severe adversity and deprivation, while salutogenic processes are posited to be descriptive of coping in all persons. Resilience scholarship has always had a focus on developing interventions to help people do well in life despite barriers, while salutogenesis has until recently been more concerned with descriptive research. Resilience and salutogenesis share the perspective that coping is culturally and contextually bounded. Resilience scholarship is principled, but no single, articulated theory is dominate. Salutogenesis is well developed as a theory, following the scholarship of Aaron Antonovsky. The concept resilience does not have a formal place in salutogenesis theory, yet when salutogenesis scholars focus on coping under conditions of severe adversity, they apply resilience approaches and strategies, even if the concept resilience is not explicit.","PeriodicalId":258191,"journal":{"name":"Multisystemic Resilience","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120959213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Hutchison, M. Rouncefield, Antonios Gouglidis, T. Anderson
{"title":"Design and Engineering of Resilience for Networked Computer Systems","authors":"D. Hutchison, M. Rouncefield, Antonios Gouglidis, T. Anderson","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190095888.003.0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190095888.003.0035","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, the authors introduce and describe the notion of resilience for networked computer systems. Central to our viewpoint is that such systems need to be designed and engineered to have resilience as a major property. This is in contrast to systems found in nature that may already have resilience, in some cases through a process of evolution. The networked systems on which the authors focus will generally be built using Internet technologies, which the authors briefly introduce. Engineered systems also require attention to their people and organizational aspects to produce a resilient outcome. Therefore, the material we present here is intended to combine the technological, organizational, and people aspects of resilient systems design and operation, with reference to utility networks—specifically to an electricity distribution case study. While the field of engineered resilience is advancing quickly and involves multiple systems, much of what is in this chapter still remains in the research phase, and has yet to be widely adopted in practice.","PeriodicalId":258191,"journal":{"name":"Multisystemic Resilience","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114196947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Transactional, Whole-School Approach to Resilience","authors":"C. Cefai","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"In contrast to the earlier understandings of resilience for the select, invulnerable few, an ecological perspective provides the opportunity for all children to develop resilience given resilience-enhancing, protective social contexts. In this chapter, the author explores a transactional-ecological perspective of resilience in the context of educational systems, underlining the limitations of an overreliance on the individual in resilience building. The chapter presents a transactional, whole-school, resilience framework for educational systems informed by the research evidence, focusing on both curricular competence-building and contextual processes across multiple systems. The chapter concludes with an illustration of a recent resilience program, RESCUR Surfing the Waves, informed by this approach.","PeriodicalId":258191,"journal":{"name":"Multisystemic Resilience","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129333519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Learning About Systemic Resilience From Studies of Student Resilience","authors":"L. Theron","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Manifold studies account for student resilience—that is, successful learning and development in the face/aftermath of significant stressors. These studies compel attention to multiple systems at micro and macro level, and associated supports, that scaffold positive student outcomes in the face of risk. Accordingly, this chapter uses student resilience studies to make a case for a more systemic understanding of human resilience. An exploration of the interacting systems that co-facilitate student resilience prompts three propositions: (a) the resilience of a challenged human system (or subsystem) is meaningfully co-facilitated by co-occurring human and non-human systems at the micro through to macro levels; (b) co-occurring, co-facilitative systems are functional (i.e., resilient) systems; and (c) there might be a cost to the co-facilitative system or subsystem, but this potential cost can be moderated by the provision of relevant interventions and/or rewards.","PeriodicalId":258191,"journal":{"name":"Multisystemic Resilience","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117127344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Assessment of Multisystemic Resilience in Conflict-Affected Populations","authors":"Alexandros Lordos, D. Hyslop","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780190095888.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Violent social conflicts are driven by and contribute to a cascade of stressors and shocks that can entirely overwhelm individuals, households, communities, and institutions, leading to loss of life and protracted suffering. In this context, humanitarian, peacebuilding, and development organizations have begun utilizing a resilience lens to inform efforts for conflict prevention and postconflict recovery, while the scholarly community is conducting its own investigations to understand what can drive resilience in conflict-affected populations. In this chapter, the authors pull together these diverse strands of the practitioner and scholarly conflict resilience literature, to delineate a set of principles that can guide future work. Assessment of resilience in conflict-affected populations should integrate systemwide thinking with agent-focused research, utilize mixed-method approaches, leverage analytic methods that are suitable for detection of cross-systemic linkages, and engage with stakeholders across multiple systems and levels to maximize resilience-enhancing insight, planning and action.","PeriodicalId":258191,"journal":{"name":"Multisystemic Resilience","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125646077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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