Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income最新文献

What explains the popular support for basic income? 如何解释对基本收入的普遍支持?

Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income Pub Date : 2021-08-06 DOI: 10.4337/9781839104855.00019

Miska Simanainen, O. Kangas

{"title":"What explains the popular support for basic income?","authors":"Miska Simanainen, O. Kangas","doi":"10.4337/9781839104855.00019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104855.00019","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing interest in understanding the popular support for basic income in Finland and globally. On the one hand, researchers have tried to evaluate the level of support in different countries, and, on the other hand, to explain the variation of support within populations. In addition to scientific curiosity, there are practical reasons for surveying population support. These reasons are closely linked to politics and policymaking: for example, political parties aim to understand the opinions of the electorate to frame their political agenda in a way that resonates with opinions among their possible voters and maximises their political support in elections. During the last two decades, support for basic income has been stable in Finland. Surveys carried out before the Finnish basic income experiment showed that about 60 to 70 percent of Finns were in favour of universal basic income (Airio et al., 2016; Andersson and Kangas, 2005). However, recent studies on popular support have provided highly divergent results. Differences in the results of separate surveys are likely related to differences in the definitions of basic income given in the questionnaires. Previous research has shown that there tends to be a substantial framing effect on the level of support for policy issues (Rasinski, 1989). Moreover, such general questions as ‘Are you in favour of or against basic income?’ and ‘Is basic income good or bad?’ tend to produce much higher support levels than more specific questions that aim to explain the content of the basic income model (Pulkka, 2018). One obvious feature of general survey questions on basic income is that they do not give any indication to the respondent about the possible costs of implementing basic income. In some Finnish surveys, the respondents were given more detailed information about the costs and tax levels needed to finance the benefit. Such more-detailed information decreased the support levels to lower than 30 percent (Airio et al., 2016).","PeriodicalId":254675,"journal":{"name":"Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124662503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Constitutional preconditions for the Finnish basic income experiment 芬兰基本收入实验的宪法先决条件

Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income Pub Date : 2021-08-06 DOI: 10.4337/9781839104855.00012

Anna-Kaisa Tuovinen

{"title":"Constitutional preconditions for the Finnish basic income experiment","authors":"Anna-Kaisa Tuovinen","doi":"10.4337/9781839104855.00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104855.00012","url":null,"abstract":"The Finnish basic income experiment was planned and conducted as a mandatory experiment to avoid selection biases and obtain statistically generalisable and reliable results (HE 215/2016 vp). It appears to have been the very first basic income experiment in the world based on mandatory participation and a randomised nationwide sample (2000 persons). An experiment of this kind could not have been implemented without amendments to the social security legislation. Therefore, this chapter examines, albeit rather briefly, the constitutional preconditions for the legislation governing the Finnish basic income experiment. The rule of law is a fundamental principle of democratic society. The Constitution of Finland (731/1999) requires, among other things, that ‘[t]he exercise of public powers shall be based on an Act. In all public activity, the law shall be strictly followed’ (Section 2.3) and that ‘the principles governing the rights and obligations of private individuals and the other matters that under this Constitution are of a legislative nature shall be governed by Acts’ (Section 80.1). Owing to these constitutional provisions, individuals cannot be compelled to participate in an experiment in the absence of relevant legislation. Hence, participation in the basic income experiment was made mandatory by law for those who were selected as part of the treatment group via random sampling. This group received the basic income benefit during the course of the experiment in 2017–18 (henceforth, the treatment group). In addition, the right to social security is not only a human right, but also a fundamental right guaranteed under the Constitution of Finland: ‘[e]veryone shall be guaranteed by an Act the right to basic subsistence in the event of unemployment, illness, and disability and during old age as well as at the birth of a child or the loss of a provider’ (Section 19.2). The treatment group comprised 2000 persons who were recipients of the basic unemployment allowance or labour market subsidy in November 2016.","PeriodicalId":254675,"journal":{"name":"Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124007741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Life on basic income - Interview accounts by basic income experiment participants on the effects of the experiment 基本收入的生活——采访基本收入实验参与者对实验效果的描述

Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income Pub Date : 2021-08-06 DOI: 10.4337/9781839104855.00020

Helena Blomberg, C. Kroll, Laura Tarkiainen

引用次数: 1

Making of the Finnish basic income experiment 芬兰的基本收入实验

Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income Pub Date : 2021-08-06 DOI: 10.4337/9781839104855.00011

O. Kangas

引用次数: 2

Media coverage of the Finnish basic income experiment 媒体对芬兰基本收入实验的报道

Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income Pub Date : 2021-08-06 DOI: 10.4337/9781839104855.00021

Katja Mäkkylä

{"title":"Media coverage of the Finnish basic income experiment","authors":"Katja Mäkkylä","doi":"10.4337/9781839104855.00021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104855.00021","url":null,"abstract":"In 2017–2018 Finland conducted a basic income experiment. The randomly selected experiment group consisted of 2000 unemployed persons between 25 and 58 years. The group received a monthly payment of €560, unconditionally and without means testing. The main purpose of the experiment was to study the effects of the basic income on employment and well-being. The Finnish basic income experiment was exceptional in many ways and generated interest worldwide. Coverage of the Finnish experiment, in both the Finnish and international media, has been remarkable before, during and after the experiment. Social experiments cannot be implemented in a laboratory, but rather take place within communities, and their participants are individuals living their everyday lives. Social experiments occur in public; therefore, publicity is one characteristic of such experiments, and it is important to shed light on it. One way to study publicity is to study the media coverage of the issue. The news media, among other forms of mediated communication, has a significant role in the construction of reality (Couldry and Hepp, 2018). One way the news media can construct reality is by framing how an issue is approached. Frames can be described as ‘organizing principles that are socially shared and persistent over time that work symbolically to meaningfully structure the social world’ (Reese, 2001: 11). In this chapter, I explore coverage of the Finnish basic income experiment in both the Finnish and international media. Specifically, I address the research question of how the Finnish and international media have framed the Finnish basic income experiment. To study media coverage, its characteristics, and prevailing perspectives, I used media framing analysis, concentrating on identification of media frames and frame-building. In this chapter, I first present media framing theory, and the theoretical and conceptual approaches to media frames, and the media framing process. Thereafter, sections on data and methods used in this study are presented. In","PeriodicalId":254675,"journal":{"name":"Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130687102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Subjective health, well-being and cognitive capabilities 主观健康、幸福感和认知能力

Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income Pub Date : 2021-08-06 DOI: 10.4337/9781839104855.00015

Miska Simanainen, A. Tuulio-Henriksson

{"title":"Subjective health, well-being and cognitive capabilities","authors":"Miska Simanainen, A. Tuulio-Henriksson","doi":"10.4337/9781839104855.00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104855.00015","url":null,"abstract":"The existence of the relationship between poverty and poor health has been known for ages, although the actual mechanisms that connect poverty to health have not been well understood. A growing body of literature indicates that unemployment (which often goes hand in hand with poverty) can pose substantial health risks by negatively affecting, in particular, the mental health, psychological well-being and cognitive capabilities of those who experience it (for example, Acevedo et al., 2020; Wahrendorf et al., 2019; Wanberg, 2012; Pelzer et al., 2014; Van der Noordt et al., 2014; Kim and von dem Knesebeck, 2016). Moreover, we know that the psychological, social and economic dimensions of well-being are strongly interconnected. Unemployment usually leads to a lack of financial resources, and financial resources serve as an important determinant of well-being (Paul and Moser, 2009). Unemployment can also decrease life satisfaction and happiness by means other than income, such as reducing social participation (Kunze and Suppa, 2017). From a practical perspective, whether we can govern the complex relationship between poverty and well-being through a policy action is an important question. Unconditional cash transfers (UCT) are one potential group of policy instruments for organising social security. UCTs are regular cash transfers that are paid without screening for eligibility and without income-testing or means-testing. Earlier studies have indicated that the introduction of a UCT policy could improve population health. For example, Forget (2011) reports positive results from a Canadian experiment with a guaranteed annual income. Another body of evidence suggests that UCTs may improve some health outcomes in low and middle-income countries, although the relative effectiveness of UCTs and conditional cash transfer programmes (CCT) remains uncertain (for example, Costello et al., 2003; Davala et al., 2015; Pega et al., 2017).","PeriodicalId":254675,"journal":{"name":"Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income","volume":"22 S11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132388784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

The bureaucracy of claiming benefits 申领福利的官僚主义

Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income Pub Date : 2021-08-06 DOI: 10.4337/9781839104855.00017

Miska Simanainen

引用次数: 1

Basic income and employment 基本收入和就业

Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income Pub Date : 2021-08-06 DOI: 10.4337/9781839104855.00014

Minna Ylikännö, O. Kangas

{"title":"Basic income and employment","authors":"Minna Ylikännö, O. Kangas","doi":"10.4337/9781839104855.00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104855.00014","url":null,"abstract":"In the Finnish basic income experiment, the main interest was in its employment effects. The centre-right government of Prime Minister Juha Sipilä (2015–19) wanted to know whether the provision of basic income would reduce bureaucracy, income traps, and other disincentives linked to the present social security system (see Kangas and Pulkka, 2016; De Wispelaere et al., 2019; Chapter 2 above), thus boosting labour supply and increasing employment. The target group of the experiment consisted only of unemployed jobseekers (see Chapter 3). This is not the first time that the unemployed are direct targets of measures to increase labour supply. Since the 1950s, elements of active labour market policies (ALMPs) have been gradually introduced in Finnish employment policies. Most social benefits given are intended to activate the benefit recipients in their job search. This policy paradigm culminated in the activation model implemented at the beginning of 2018. The same government that implemented the two-year basic income experiment introduced the activation model in the middle of the experiment. The activation model introduced a set of stricter criteria for all unemployed persons in Finland who were receiving unemployment benefits. Within a three-month surveillance period, unemployed jobseekers had to work for 18 days, take part in active labour market services for five days, or earn income from their own business to avoid a 4.65 percent cut in unemployment benefits during a three-month surveillance period. Owing to massive criticism from citizens and trade unions, the newly-elected centre-left government, the Social Democratic Party, with leader Antti Rinne as Prime Minister, abolished the activation model at the beginning of 2020.1 The emphasis of the government, now led by Prime Minister Sanna Marin, is more carrot than stick when promoting active citizenship. Considering the strong path dependence in policymaking, it is still unlikely that conditionality in the current unemployment benefit system would radically decrease.","PeriodicalId":254675,"journal":{"name":"Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127792537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Finnish social security system: Background to the Finnish basic income experiment 芬兰社会保障制度:芬兰基本收入实验的背景

Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income Pub Date : 2021-08-06 DOI: 10.4337/9781839104855.00010

O. Kangas, Miska Simanainen

{"title":"The Finnish social security system: Background to the Finnish basic income experiment","authors":"O. Kangas, Miska Simanainen","doi":"10.4337/9781839104855.00010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104855.00010","url":null,"abstract":"All basic income experiments so far have been planned and implemented in national or local contexts. Thus, the questions posed in the experiments and the answers achieved are bound to time and place. To understand the motivations behind the experiments and the results achieved, we need familiarity with the institutional frameworks in which they occur. This also applies to the Finnish basic income experiment. In this chapter, we shed light on the context in which the experiment was planned, implemented, and carried out. The Finnish social protection system is comprehensive, and because of its comprehensiveness, it is complicated and difficult to describe in a simple way. We shall try anyway. In its simplest form, the Finnish social security comprises three parts. The first part guarantees minimum income security for all Finnish residents (rather than citizens, as explained below). It includes ‘basic level’ social benefits paid either at a flat-rate or after means-testing based on personal or household income. The second part consists of income-related social insurance for those in employment. The third part of the system includes municipal social and health care services covering all residents from cradle to grave. (Kela, 2019). In large part due to this comprehensiveness, the Finnish welfare state ranks top in the world in many aspects of economic and non-economic well-being. In Finland, shares of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion are among the lowest in the EU, for the total population and among all age groups. The income transfer system effectively lifts low-income people above the poverty line and equalises income differences (for example, Olafsson et al., 2019; Eurostat, 2020). Free or affordable public services just as effectively promote social inclusion through good quality education, health and social services, and public employment services, among many others.","PeriodicalId":254675,"journal":{"name":"Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122969198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Evaluation of the experiment 实验评价

Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income Pub Date : 2021-08-06 DOI: 10.4337/9781839104855.00013

Signe Jauhiainen, O. Kangas, Miska Simanainen, Minna Ylikännö

{"title":"Evaluation of the experiment","authors":"Signe Jauhiainen, O. Kangas, Miska Simanainen, Minna Ylikännö","doi":"10.4337/9781839104855.00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839104855.00013","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the Finnish basic income experiment was to provide information for the coming social security reforms and to test a new type of social security benefit that would better meet the challenges of the future labour market. From the outset, the idea was to run a randomised controlled trial that could be reliably evaluated. Randomised controlled trials have been used in medicine for several decades to examine the effects of various medicines. In addition, randomised controlled trials have become widespread in development economics, and they have extended over the social sciences. Randomised controlled trials conducted in natural settings are often called field experiments. Randomised controlled trials are utilised in cases where it is unclear what the actual effect would be and whether a treatment, such as development programmes, is effective (Gerber and Green, 2012; Glennerster and Takavarasha, 2013). Trials can also be informative for policy implementation because costs and risks are significantly lower in an experiment organised in a small scale than in a full-scale implementation process (Haynes et al., 2012). In real life, we cannot observe both outcomes for the same individual simultaneously with and without treatment. In other words, we cannot observe the counterfactual. Units of the target group, such as individuals or villages, are divided into groups in a randomised controlled trial. The assignment to the treatment and control groups is random, ensuring that the average effect of the treatment can be evaluated. The treatment and control groups have no systematic differences affecting the results, which imitates the counterfactual. In addition, the effects of external factors, such as economic fluctuations, can be excluded. As a result, randomised controlled trials allow causal inferences to be made. When the treatment and control groups are identical at the beginning of the experiment, the observed difference between the groups is attributed to","PeriodicalId":254675,"journal":{"name":"Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133607158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0