Health at a Glance: Asia/Pacific 2018最新文献

{"title":"In-hospital mortality following acute myocardial infarction and stroke","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/health_glance_ap-2018-42-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance_ap-2018-42-en","url":null,"abstract":"Ischaemic heart diseases and stroke were the two major causes of death in Asia-Pacific in 2016, accounting for 34.7% and 25.2% of total deaths (WHO, 2018a). Additionally, both are associated with significant health, social and non-financial costs, because of the persistent disabilities suffered by many survivors. Treatment following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke has advanced greatly over the past decade. Until the 1990s, treatment focused on prevention of complications and rehabilitation. But following the great improvements in AMI survival rates that were achieved with thrombolysis (Gil et al., 1999), clinical trials also demonstrated the benefits of thrombolytic treatment provided within six hours after acute ischemic stroke (O’Rourke et al., 2010; Wardlaw et al., 2014). Dedicated cardiac care and stroke units offering timely and proactive therapy achieve better survival than conservative care (Seenan et al., 2007), although studies have shown that a considerable number of patients fail to receive high-quality, evidence-based care (Eagle et al., 2005).","PeriodicalId":254335,"journal":{"name":"Health at a Glance: Asia/Pacific 2018","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121635081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water and sanitation","authors":"Thomas Clasen","doi":"10.1787/888933152699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/888933152699","url":null,"abstract":"The lack of safe drinking water and basic sanitation impose a heavy health burden, especially on young children and the poor; it also aggravates malnutrition, physical, and cognitive development, school absenteeism, poverty, and economic development. Unlike many of the other challenges in public health, water, and sanitation solutions are well known. However, despite strong evidence of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of improved water and sanitation against diarrhoea and other diseases and support for the intervention at the highest levels, coverage still lags behind international targets, especially for sanitation. This chapter describes the aetiological agents of the leading water- and sanitation-related diseases, presents the evidence concerning the effectiveness of water and sanitation interventions to prevent such diseases, and summarizes the economic implications of such interventions and some of the other non-health benefits associated therewith. The chapter closes with a discussion of some of the continuing challenges in water and sanitation, including efforts to scale up interventions among the most vulnerable populations in an effort to secure the benefits of water and sanitation for all.","PeriodicalId":254335,"journal":{"name":"Health at a Glance: Asia/Pacific 2018","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122946922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health status","authors":"","doi":"10.1787/reg_glance-2016-11-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/reg_glance-2016-11-en","url":null,"abstract":"HEALTH STATUS ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 ACCESS/HEALTH INSURANCE ............................................................................................................................... 3 DENTIST ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9 PREVENTIVE HEALTH ............................................................................................................................................ 10 MENTAL HEALTH .................................................................................................................................................... 11 CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH ............................................................................................................................... 14 DIABETES .................................................................................................................................................................. 16 ASTHMA .................................................................................................................................................................... 18 PHYSICIAL ACTIVITY ............................................................................................................................................ 19 NUTRITION ............................................................................................................................................................... 20 DEMOGRAPHICS ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 NEIGHBORHOOD ..................................................................................................................................................... 31 TOBACCO & SECOND HAND SMOKING ............................................................................................................. 32 NON-CORE DEMOGRAPHICS ................................................................................................................................ 37 CHILD CARE ............................................................................................................................................................. 39 CANCER SCREENING .............................................................................................................................................. 41 HIV .............................................................................................................................................................................. 44 SEXUAL BEHAVIOR ................................................................................................................................................ 46 ALCOHOL ...............","PeriodicalId":254335,"journal":{"name":"Health at a Glance: Asia/Pacific 2018","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121652831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infant and child health","authors":"T. Joyce","doi":"10.1787/health_glance_ap-2016-32-en","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance_ap-2016-32-en","url":null,"abstract":"The U.S. infant mortality rate, defined as the number of deaths before age one per 1000 live births, fell from 12.6 in 1980 to 6.9 in 2000, a decline of 45 percent. (1) Over this same period, the total age-adjusted death rate in the United States fell by only 16.4 percent. We can decompose this decline in infant mortality into two components: changes in the healthiness of newborns and changes in the survival rate of newborns conditional on a given level of health. One widely used measure of newborn health, the rate of low birth weight births, is defined as the percentage of live births of babies who weigh less than 2500 grams or 5.5 pounds. The rate of low birth weight in the United States has actually risen since 1980, from 6.8 to 7.6 percent. (2) A large portion of the increase is attributable to the rise in multiple births, which have grown from 2 to 3 percent of all live births over the same period. However, even if we adjust for multiple births, the underlying healthiness of newborns in the United States has remained largely unchanged since 1980. In short, the remarkable increase in the survival rate of infants has resulted almost exclusively from advances in the technology of newborn care. Why, therefore, has the underlying morbidity of newborns, as proxied by the rate of low birth weight births, remained so immovable? Even more baffling, why has there been so little change in the rate of low birth weight despite increases in the prenatal inputs that many contend should lower its incidence. For instance, the percentage of women who initiate prenatal care in the first trimester increased from 76.3 in 1980 to 83.7 in 2000. The percentage of women who smoke during pregnancy fell from 18.4 in 1990 to 11.4 in 2002, while the number of infants served by the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) has almost doubled since 1988. (3) Recent research by my colleagues and me suggests that previous estimates of the efficacy of many inputs designed to improve newborn health is probably inflated by favorable selection. The women who initiate prenatal care early, or who participate in WIC, are likely to be more motivated, less stressed, and more risk averse than the women who start care late or who do not participate in WIC. Too often we lack empirical methods for overcoming the problems caused by selection. In addition, in vetting their results, economists often neglect the clinical literature. Consider studies of the effect of programs to enhance maternal nutrition on infant health. Economic theory is helpful in specifying the demand for nutrition, but the effect of nutrition on fetal growth is a physiological, not an economic, relationship. For example, the consensus in the literature has been that \"WIC works.\" In a recent study, economists reported that prenatal WIC participation was associated with a 50 percent decline in very preterm births, infants born before 33 weeks gestation. (4) These results were consisten","PeriodicalId":254335,"journal":{"name":"Health at a Glance: Asia/Pacific 2018","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114761595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}