P. Ferrari, A. Flammini, S. Rinaldi, A. Bondavalli, F. Brancati
{"title":"Improving robustness of the synchronization quality of IEEE1588 nodes","authors":"P. Ferrari, A. Flammini, S. Rinaldi, A. Bondavalli, F. Brancati","doi":"10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609784","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays the IEEE1588 synchronization protocol has been adopted in a growing number of fields, from automation to telecommunication systems. Usually, the quality of the services provided by these applications requires an accurate and reliable time synchronization. Several solutions have been already proposed to achieve these goals. However, the statistical instruments provided in the standard (PTP variance) appear to be inadequate to identify synchronization problems while unpredictable events affect the quality of the synchronization. This paper provides alternative instruments for the analysis and improvement of the synchronization quality of a IEEE 1588 system resorting to the Reliable & Self Aware (R&SA) clock. The R&SA clock provides statistical information which are shown to be able to correctly identify the different sources of problem that can affect the synchronization. The paper then makes a proposal to take advantage of the statistical data collected for improving reliability and accuracy of PTP nodes.","PeriodicalId":254081,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115449746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Leap Second support in computers","authors":"M. Hack, Xiaoqiao Meng, S. Froehlich, Li Zhang","doi":"10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609776","url":null,"abstract":"The seconds-in-epoch method of representing current time in computers presents problems when required to (a) represent UTC, (b) be monotonic and (c) have sub-second accuracy, as these are contradictory requirements in the presence of Leap Seconds. We analyze various proposed solutions to this conundrum, for both operating systems and NTP. (What good is microsecond-level clock synchronization if the clock can be off by a full second?) We then propose a general solution: TAI-based system time, with conversion to UTC by comparing to a TAI-based threshold and then subtracting the appropriate Leap Second Offset.","PeriodicalId":254081,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication","volume":"34 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113979062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Securing IEEE 1588 by IPsec tunnels - An analysis","authors":"A. Treytl, B. Hirschler","doi":"10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609765","url":null,"abstract":"IPsec is one of the most widespread protocols to establish secure communication for the Internet Protocol. Besides the fact that this protocol is fully integrated in the Internet Protocol suite, the main advantage of using secure tunnels for IEEE 1588 clock synchronization is the reduced maintenance effort. Instead of requiring, e.g., different key management or connection setup protocols for each application a single tunnel can be used to protect underlying services such as clock synchronization by IEEE 1588 and many other applications. This paper analyzes the usage of IPsec security mechanisms to protect the IEEE 1588 clock synchronization protocol and, in particular, its impact on the precision of clock synchronization. Straightforward application as well as dedicated designs to integrate high-precision, hardware-supported clock synchronization are investigated. Measurements show that for lower precision IPsec can be applied straightforward, for high precision dedicated modification on hardware and algorithms are required.","PeriodicalId":254081,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126414898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reproducible IEEE 1588-performance tests with emulated environmental influences","authors":"S. Schriegel, Daniel Kirschberger, H. Trsek","doi":"10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609783","url":null,"abstract":"The IEEE 1588 standard is widely established and accepted for clock synchronization in Ethernet networks. High accuracy IEEE 1588 implementations require a well-coordinated hardware/software co-design. Processing of sophisticated control algorithms for the time speed of local clocks within synchronization slaves are particularly important. Hence, IEEE 1588 implementations should be tested with respect to certain performance indicators like control loop behavior and synchronization accuracy. Furthermore, interoperability with other devices and standard compliance also need to be considered. The achievable synchronization accuracy depends on environmental conditions, network load and network topology. A test system should be able to emulate these physical conditions. This requires a well-founded knowledge about influences on IEEE 1588 implementations caused by both, environmental conditions and network load. This could be a frequency drift of crystal caused by either temperature variations or mechanical stress. Unfortunately, the standard does not specify an expected behavior in such an environment. Due to lack of standardization and test methods, a system-wide guarantee for synchronization accuracy can only be given for proprietary closed systems. In this paper a reproducible test environment with the ability to emulate environmental conditions is presented, followed by an evaluation of two exemplary implementations. The possibility to guarantee synchronization accuracy with the help of appropriate certification tests in such a specific test environment will be demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":254081,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128469433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Using an IEEE 802.1AS network as a distributed IEEE 1588 boundary, ordinary, or transparent clock","authors":"G. Garner, M. Ouellette, M. Teener","doi":"10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609779","url":null,"abstract":"IEEE 802.1AS includes a very specific profile of IEEE 1588 that only runs at layer 2 over networks that follow the IEEE 802 architecture. It has some significant performance and scalability advantages, but at the cost of not allowing non-PTP-aware devices. This paper describes how a network having a common source of time can act as a distributed IEEE 1588 boundary, ordinary, or transparent clock, allowing the network to transport synchronization between portions of an IEEE 1588 network domain, and do this for any number of domains simultaneously. The network that acts as a distributed clock can be a PTP network supporting a profile that is different from that of the domains whose timing it is transporting. As one example, an IEEE 802.1AS network can act as a distributed IEEE 1588 boundary, ordinary, or transparent clock. As part of the discussion, the paper also shows that an IEEE 1588 boundary clock and peer-to-peer transparent clock are functionally equivalent in the manner in which they transport synchronization, and that the principal difference between the two is that the former invokes a best master clock algorithm (either default or alternate) and implements the full PTP state machine, while the latter does not. The concepts of distributed BC, TC, and OC, and the equivalence of the BC and peer-to-peer TC may be considered a new way of looking at the transport of synchronization in a network based on IEEE 1588.","PeriodicalId":254081,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication","volume":"199 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114201905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synchronization of wireless sensor networks using a modified IEEE 1588 protocol","authors":"D. Wobschall, Yuan Ma","doi":"10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609778","url":null,"abstract":"A method of precise time synchronization of wireless sensors employing an IEEE 802.15.4 transceiver, and specifically employing the 6LoWPAN protocol, was developed. It uses the IEEE 1588 synchronization standard and the IEEE 1451.5 Smart Transducer Data standard. A Wireless Transducer Interface Module (WTIM) was designed and fabricated. It utilizes the IEEE 802.15.4 transceiver model TI CC2430 which allows access to a hardware sync signal. The difference in timestamps between two WTIMs was measured. The results show that the synchronization precision is better than 10 µs for short synchronization intervals but increases to about 100 µs for longer synchronization intervals (1 sec for crystal accuracies of 50ppm). The method was tested for 6LoWPAN wireless protocol but would apply to other wireless sensors based on the IEEE 802.15.4 protocols.","PeriodicalId":254081,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128071822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Integration of HSR and IEEE1588 over Ethernet networks","authors":"A. Abdul, G. Ng, Petru Lupas","doi":"10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609777","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609777","url":null,"abstract":"Some of the key infrastructure requirements for Smart Grid are the uninterrupted and reliable distribution of network data, information security and distribution of time information among network elements in order to accurately timestamp and correlate different network events. High Availability Seamless Ring (HSR) enabled networks can provide zero recovery time and PTPv2 enabled network can provide sub-microsecond accuracy. Although the integration of HSR and PTPv2 seem a natural next step to achieve high availability and time synchronization requirements of IEC61850, there are some assumptions made in the design of HSR and PTPv2 that are orthogonal in nature. This paper presents an instance of network design that integrates these two technologies by using the subset of PTPv2 without compromising network precision. Information security is beyond the scope of this paper.","PeriodicalId":254081,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129447382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The impact of network latency on the synchronization of real-world IEEE 1588-2008 devices","authors":"Ryan Zarick, Mikkel Hagen, R. Bartos","doi":"10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609788","url":null,"abstract":"Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is a high precision time synchronization protocol designed to run over a local area network. PTP, often referred to as 1588, is defined by the IEEE Standard 1588TM-2008. The protocol theoretically allows synchronization at the nanosecond level. In this project we study the performance of the protocol in an environment where multiple 1588 devices are connected via a network in which impairments that are typically observed in real networks are introduced and non-1588 devices are present. The performance was assessed by observing the impact on the clock synchronization of the 1588 devices. The results provide valuable insight into the real-world accuracy and robustness of the protocol.","PeriodicalId":254081,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122003598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adaptive packet selection for clock recovery","authors":"I. Hadžić, D. Morgan","doi":"10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609775","url":null,"abstract":"Packet delay variation (PDV) is a dominant source of noise in packet-based synchronization systems. To filter this type of noise, many clock recovery algorithms select packets based on the sample-minimum statistic of the network transit time. Although such a filter can be very effective in certain types of networks, there are just as many networks and background traffic patterns for which sample-minimum is far from optimal. In this paper, we propose a filter that dynamically evaluates multiple packet selection criteria and selects the one that currently minimizes the noise. We also present the results of an experimental evaluation of the new adaptive filter.","PeriodicalId":254081,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120952863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christof Kutschera, Andreas Groblinger, R. Holler, Christian Gemeiner, N. Kero, G. Cadek
{"title":"IEEE 1588 clock synchronization over IEEE 802.3/10 GBit ethernet","authors":"Christof Kutschera, Andreas Groblinger, R. Holler, Christian Gemeiner, N. Kero, G. Cadek","doi":"10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPCS.2010.5609766","url":null,"abstract":"Using IEEE 1588 for highly accurate clock synchronization between nodes of a distributed system has become a widely accepted approach. IEEE 802.3/Ethernet is frequently utilized as communication layer to exchange the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) messages specified in the IEEE 1588 standard. 10/100/1000 MBit Ethernet communication is commonly used by now. In contrast, fiber optics based 10 GBit Ethernet is only in the early stages of adoption. With an increasing usage of this technology, clock synchronization via 10 GBit communication is becoming an important issue. In this paper we present an FPGA based solution for IEEE 1588 clock synchronization via 10 GBit Ethernet. Apart from the implementation details the paper focuses on communication delay jitter measurements - since jitter highly affects synchronization quality - and presents a comparison between communication jitter and previous Ethernet speeds.","PeriodicalId":254081,"journal":{"name":"2010 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control and Communication","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134463820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}