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Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830最新文献

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Geographical Knowledge 地理知识
Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830 Pub Date : 2019-10-03 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0002
Paul Stock
{"title":"Geographical Knowledge","authors":"Paul Stock","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 2 explores how late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century British geographical works structure and present geographical knowledge. The books may seem disorganized and haphazard to modern eyes, but their contents and procedures are framed by classical and early modern precedents. The influence of Bernhard Varenius is key, especially his specification of ‘celestial’, ‘terrestrial’, and ‘human’ geography. These different emphases provide variant ways to understand space, premised respectively on universal mathematical laws, observation of a tangible physical world, and the vicissitudes of human activity and perception. The chapter shows how the resulting questions about the nature and limits of knowledge affect geographical works’ comprehension of Europe.","PeriodicalId":248829,"journal":{"name":"Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125033726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Human Difference 人类的区别
Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830 Pub Date : 2019-10-03 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0005
Paul Stock
{"title":"Human Difference","authors":"Paul Stock","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 5 explains how debates about human origins and distinctiveness inform ideas about Europe. Late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century geography books often argue that the natural environment shapes human characteristics, and that Europeans are distinctive because they have been exposed to certain conditions. However, the books also propose that Europeans possess intrinsic, unchanging qualities. This tension highlights the complexities of contemporary racial thought, which combines ideas about inherent nature, inheritance, environmental influence, and aesthetics. Some geographical texts argue for a single European race, but others identify a range of European races, often premised on categorization of languages.","PeriodicalId":248829,"journal":{"name":"Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133864310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Commerce and Empire 商业与帝国
Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830 Pub Date : 2019-10-03 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0009
Paul Stock
{"title":"Commerce and Empire","authors":"Paul Stock","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 9 shows how theories about commerce and empire affect ideas about Europe. Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century geography books usually argue that Europe excels at trade. In some respects, this promotes a concept of Europe based upon economic rivalry, but is also presents the continent as the centrepiece of an integrated global network. Some texts celebrate Europe’s imperial prowess and in several cases regard conquered areas as part of the continent itself rather than distinct regions. Others are critical of empire, but the majority endorse an idealized imperialism in which commerce demonstrates Europe’s presumed global pre-eminence.","PeriodicalId":248829,"journal":{"name":"Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131766750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Centres and Peripheries 中心及外围
Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830 Pub Date : 2019-10-03 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0008
Paul V. Stock
{"title":"Centres and Peripheries","authors":"Paul V. Stock","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 8 examines the questions and complications surrounding apparent ‘centres’ and ‘peripheries’ of Europe. Late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century geographical texts appear to regard certain states or regions as especially significant to overall conceptions of the continent, thanks either to their reputed importance or their supposed fringe status. The chapter focuses on Russia, France, the Italian states, Greece and the Ottoman Empire, the German states, and Britain. Analysis shows, however, that it is problematic to distinguish too sharply between core and periphery areas of Europe as regions can instead be both central and marginal simultaneously.","PeriodicalId":248829,"journal":{"name":"Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116037542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Conclusion 结论
Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830 Pub Date : 2019-10-03 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0011
Paul Stock
{"title":"Conclusion","authors":"Paul Stock","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"The Conclusion summarizes the overall findings of the book. Europe is neither a chaotic profusion of variant ideas, nor a fixed set of essential characteristics. Late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century British ideas of Europe are best understood as a series of unresolved questions which revolve around precise debates. But ideas of Europe are not just abstract or metaphorical conceits because they can also inspire and constrain action.","PeriodicalId":248829,"journal":{"name":"Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830","volume":"173 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115453565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Natural Environment 自然环境
Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830 Pub Date : 2019-10-03 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0004
Paul V. Stock
{"title":"The Natural Environment","authors":"Paul V. Stock","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 4 shows that late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century geography books frequently posit a causal relationship between environmental conditions and social development. Europe’s beneficial natural environment is often presumed to be at the heart of its advanced societal achievements, although a rival theory suggests that Europeans have thrived by overcoming specific environmental adversities. At the root of these debates are questions about determinism and human agency, and uncertainty about whether to define Europe in terms of natural conditions or social accomplishments.","PeriodicalId":248829,"journal":{"name":"Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830","volume":"7 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116449172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Borders 边界
Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830 Pub Date : 2019-10-03 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0007
Paul Stock
{"title":"Borders","authors":"Paul Stock","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 7 explores how late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century geography books conceptualize borders and how this affects their ideas about Europe. Geographical texts proffer many versions of Europe’s border with Asia, although certain variants are more widely adopted. Some books and their maps show borders as naturally occurring, whereas others present them as arbitrary lines determined by human activities and decisions. These contrasting approaches reflect dilemmas about geographical knowledge and have different implications for European politics. The seas surrounding Europe are also contentious: they are variously seen as annexed territories, marginal zones, and the figurative centre of the continent.","PeriodicalId":248829,"journal":{"name":"Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123647722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
History and Progress 历史与进步
Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830 Pub Date : 2019-10-03 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0010
Paul Stock
{"title":"History and Progress","authors":"Paul Stock","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 10 discusses how ideas about historical change influence conceptions of Europe. Late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century geography books typically regard history as a progression through various ‘stages’, an account which often conflates European and world history. But they also often regard the continent as an extant ideal society. This exposes uncertainty about whether to define Europe in terms of unchanging characteristics or mutable historical processes. Some geography books combine these perspectives and interpret historical change in terms of established patterns, a method which allows them to account for Europe’s malleability and its stable qualities.","PeriodicalId":248829,"journal":{"name":"Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830","volume":"120 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128026401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The State 国家
Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830 Pub Date : 2019-10-03 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0006
Paul Stock
{"title":"The State","authors":"Paul Stock","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 6 discusses late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century geography books’ sustained focus on the political states of Europe. The books present states both as organic communities with multi-faceted jurisdictions, and as increasingly centralized governmental authorities. They usually specify that monarchy is the definitive form of European government, and that European states share a propensity for ‘liberty’, broadly defined as respect for law and property, and the maintenance of the balance of power in Europe. Some geographical texts talk about ‘nations’, but ideas about European polities remain reliant on established notions of governmental structures.","PeriodicalId":248829,"journal":{"name":"Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122664400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Geographical Texts 地理教材
Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830 Pub Date : 2019-10-03 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0001
Paul Stock
{"title":"Geographical Texts","authors":"Paul Stock","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807117.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 1 explains the characteristics and significance of the book’s principal source material: late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century British geography books. These works have been largely neglected by historians, but their popularity and summative nature means that they can reveal the formative, commonplace ideas circulating in British literate culture. However, due to their opaque authorships, plagiaristic contents, and complex publication histories, geographical texts pose specific methodological challenges. The chapter therefore argues that we need to adopt different conceptual and procedural priorities in order to discern popular mentalities from these works.","PeriodicalId":248829,"journal":{"name":"Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115968549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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