Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation最新文献

Comparing perceptions of climate-related environmental changes for Tuvalu, Samoa, and Tonga 比较图瓦卢、萨摩亚和汤加对气候相关环境变化的认识

Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation Pub Date : 2019-12-17 DOI: 10.17875/gup2019-1215

K. Beyerl, H. Mieg, Eberhard Weber

{"title":"Comparing perceptions of climate-related environmental changes for Tuvalu, Samoa, and Tonga","authors":"K. Beyerl, H. Mieg, Eberhard Weber","doi":"10.17875/gup2019-1215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17875/gup2019-1215","url":null,"abstract":"Individual perceptions of climate-related environmental changes are essential to understand behavioural responses to such changes. Despite several studies on change-perception in single Pacific Small Island States (PSIS), the variance in these perceptions within and between different PSIS has so far largely been neglected. \u0000We, therefore, explored perceptions of climate-related environmental changes and attributed causes in Tuvalu, Samoa, and Tonga. Our survey (N=180) shows that \u0000perceptions of environmental changes vary considerably between the three island states and also within each country. A certain fraction of this variance can be explained by (i) geographical and climatic differences between the island states and (ii) selected socio-demographic variables. The socio-demographic factors that \u0000proved most relevant include (i) the size of the settlement in which respondents live, (ii) their distance to the sea, (iii) their interaction with nature, and (iv) their self-assessment of their own religiosity. Moreover, we found that people attribute reported changes to manifold irresponsible and unsustainable human behaviours, and to a lesser extent to natural processes and divine acts. By illustrating the variance of perceptions and also the awareness of anthropogenic causes, the study helps to communicate the diversity of local voices and offers ways for finding a basis for discussing and implementing more sustainable behaviour alternatives.","PeriodicalId":244959,"journal":{"name":"Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132879918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Adaptation and the question of migration: directions in dealing with climate change in Kiribati 适应和移徙问题:基里巴斯应对气候变化的方向

Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation Pub Date : 2019-12-17 DOI: 10.17875/gup2019-1221

Elfriede Hermann, W. Kempf

{"title":"Adaptation and the question of migration: directions in dealing with climate change in Kiribati","authors":"Elfriede Hermann, W. Kempf","doi":"10.17875/gup2019-1221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17875/gup2019-1221","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, we look at the central Pacific atoll state of Kiribati, which is considered particularly vulnerable to the consequences of climate change but is also characterized by its citizens’ emphasis of their potential for resilience. We argue that the inhabitants’ cultural conception of land and imaginations of the future influence how citizens and policymakers deal with adaptation and the question of migration. We show that in the past two decades, when Kiribati was confronted with scientific projections on the likely effects of climate change, two successive governments pursued different politics of hope. In turning to discourses of Kiribati’s citizens, we trace their express will to adapt and their responses to the question of migration. Most of Kiribati’s citizens have articulated this will by staying on the land, while a minority have considered the option of future collective relocation when the former Kiribati government bought a large piece of land in the state of Fiji. We conclude that the cultural conception of land and imaginations of the future significantly influence the directions that adaptation and/or migration might take, whether government policies and local discourses envisage staying in Kiribati or seeking a home outside the state territory.","PeriodicalId":244959,"journal":{"name":"Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116348273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

From apathy to agency: exploring religious responses to climate change in the Pacific Island region 从冷漠到能动性:探索太平洋岛屿地区宗教对气候变化的反应

Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation Pub Date : 2019-12-17 DOI: 10.17875/gup2019-1216

Hannah Fair

{"title":"From apathy to agency: exploring religious responses to climate change in the Pacific Island region","authors":"Hannah Fair","doi":"10.17875/gup2019-1216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17875/gup2019-1216","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Port Vila, Vanuatu and with the Pacific Climate Warriors, this chapter challenges dominant narratives concerning the Pacific Island region that marginalise religious understandings of climate change and that perpetuate visions of inevitable island inundation and helpless Islanders. Instead it argues that religious responses can form part of a more empowering, alternative framing of climate change and the Pacific Islands. It explores the roles of prayer, sin, and suffering, recognising that agency appears in unexpected places. Through emphasising the sin of carbon emissions, Islanders take on the burden of climate change causation. This approach both situates climate change discourses within the wider context of perceived moral decline, and, through emphasising local responsibility, facilitates Islander agency. By contrast narratives of divine accompaniment reject these accounts of local responsibility and retributive suffering, and instead emphasise the moral responsibility of industrial nations, whilst reframing climate activism as a form of spiritual devotion. These heterogeneous religious interpretations highlight the diverse possibilities for spiritually informed agency in the face of climate change impacts and the richness of locally meaningful and morally compelling counter-narratives of climate change.","PeriodicalId":244959,"journal":{"name":"Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130902744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

Moving to dangerous places 前往危险地点

Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation Pub Date : 2019-12-01 DOI: 10.17875/gup2019-1220

Eberhard Weber, P. Kissoon, Camari Koto

{"title":"Moving to dangerous places","authors":"Eberhard Weber, P. Kissoon, Camari Koto","doi":"10.17875/gup2019-1220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17875/gup2019-1220","url":null,"abstract":"Mobility is an important part of the discourses around climate change. Many argue that mobility in connection to climate change, natural hazards, or similar is about \u0000bringing people to safety, supporting them in their own efforts to reach safe grounds, or as McAdam (2015) puts it: taking people away from “danger zones”. \u0000This chapter investigates mobility of people living in informal settlements in Suva, the capital of Fiji, which are exposed to hazards . This chapter, hence concentrates on people moving to highly exposed areas. How can we explain when people move to ‘danger zones’ like is happening in many informal settlements in the Pacific Islands (and surely elsewhere)? Are people not aware that the locations are dangerous, do they not bother to find out, or do they consciously choose such ‘danger zones’? \u0000For our study, we undertook interviews and observations in two informal settlements in Suva. Our research suggests that the two locations where people established \u0000informal settlements were chosen at least in part because of their unfavourable environmental conditions. Whether this occurred consciously or more in a reflexive learning process that directed people to locations where they did not face evictions needs to be established in future research. It is becoming evident, however, that in Suva space is becoming scarce. Locations that nobody was interested in several decades ago are now in high demand. This also puts people who live in informal settlements at risk of being evicted by governments’ plans of relocation \u0000and/or by market forces, which can be seen as a special form of gentrification.","PeriodicalId":244959,"journal":{"name":"Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125035991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Dealing with Climate Change on Small Islands: Towards Effective and Sustainable Adaptation? 小岛屿应对气候变化:走向有效和可持续的适应?

Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.23791/512325

Carola Kloeck, Hellena Debelts, M. Fink

引用次数: 20

Climate-induced migration in Lotofaga village in Samoa 萨摩亚Lotofaga村气候引起的移民

Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17875/gup2019-1222

Ximena Flores-Palacios

{"title":"Climate-induced migration in Lotofaga village in Samoa","authors":"Ximena Flores-Palacios","doi":"10.17875/gup2019-1222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17875/gup2019-1222","url":null,"abstract":"Climate-induced migration has received increasing attention in both research and policy. However, the voices of people affected by climate change are in most cases neglected. People’s voices and perspectives are important, not only because affected people should have a right to be listened to and to participate in decisionmaking, but also because they have considerable knowledge (traditional and other), which must be taken into account and which can provide valuable input to future initiatives. This chapter explores people’s experiences and understandings of climate change, including whether and how climate-related factors have influenced internal and international population movements in Lotofaga, a village located on the south coast of Upolu Island in Samoa. The main finding of the study is that even though climate change is affecting people’s lives, families are demonstrating great strength and resilience. They are using a mix of traditional and Western modern technical knowledge, drawing on their family and village social support systems, utilising their customary land tenure entitlements, and using population movements to enhance their adaptive capacity.","PeriodicalId":244959,"journal":{"name":"Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation","volume":"214 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121845554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Climate change and livelihood practices in Vanuatu 瓦努阿图的气候变化和生计实践

Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17875/gup2019-1217

D. Hetzel, Arno Pascht

{"title":"Climate change and livelihood practices in Vanuatu","authors":"D. Hetzel, Arno Pascht","doi":"10.17875/gup2019-1217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17875/gup2019-1217","url":null,"abstract":"As Vanuatu is classified as extremely vulnerable to adverse effects of climate change, adaptation measures are given high priority by the government, development organisations, and NGOs. Projects which combine food security and adaptation to climate change introduce new cultivation methods and techniques. They are intended to prepare people for adverse effects of climate change such as extreme weather events. Tropical Cyclone Pam in 2015 was declared as such an extreme weather event linked to climate change. This chapter investigates livelihood practices of people in two villages in Vanuatu (Siviri and Dixon Reef) during and after Pam and after inhabitants participated in an adaptation and food security project. People in these villages employ a wide range of livelihood practices in order to secure their living and try continuously to extend their possibilities. We argue that diversification, which is a fundamental principle found in Oceania in the context of cultivation, is additionally transferred in Vanuatu to other possibilities than to secure the cultivation of food crops, namely to obtain monetary income. Because this wider context is central for the people, as well as for research, we chose a perspective that focuses on practices of the people in Siviri and Dixon Reef.","PeriodicalId":244959,"journal":{"name":"Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121538104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Failing adaptation in island contexts: the growing need for transformational change 岛屿环境适应失败:日益需要转型变革

Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17875/gup2019-1210

P. Nunn, K. McNamara

引用次数: 16

Contrasting potential for nature-based solutions to enhance coastal protection services in atoll islands 加强环礁岛屿海岸保护服务的基于自然的解决方案的潜力对比

Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17875/gup2019-1211

V. Duvat, A. Magnan

{"title":"Contrasting potential for nature-based solutions to enhance coastal protection services in atoll islands","authors":"V. Duvat, A. Magnan","doi":"10.17875/gup2019-1211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17875/gup2019-1211","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the study of 107 inhabited islands of the Maldives, we assess to what extent the level of local human disturbance of the coastal protection services provided by the reef-island system influences the potential for nature-based solutions (NBS) to address climate change impacts in atoll contexts. The results show that in 2014-16, 68.2% of the Maldivian islands (classified Type 3) exhibited a significant human-induced undermining of these services, while respectively 7.5% and 21.5% experienced a substantial (Type 4) and very substantial (Type 5) level of undermining of these services, whereas hardly any inhabited island shows low levels of undermining (Types 1 and 2). Based on these findings and on our own expertise in atoll environments, we propose a 5-pillar adaptation pathway approach for atoll islands: (i) increase ecosystem resilience; (ii) minimise the risk of maladaptation; (iii) facilitate internal relocation; (iv) island fortification associated with ground elevation, and (v) permanent international migration (back-up plan). While the potential for NBS is high for island types 1, 2 and 3 (respectively undisturbed, little disturbed and significantly disturbed islands), it is nil for island types 4 and 5, where the coastal protection services delivered by the reef-island system are no longer functional. Given that the Maldives Islands are the atoll country exhibiting the highest population densities among atoll countries and territories, our findings indicate that there is still a high potential for NBS in atoll contexts at large.","PeriodicalId":244959,"journal":{"name":"Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation","volume":"383 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131856664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Distributing scarce adaptation finance across SIDS: effectiveness, not efficiency 在小岛屿发展中国家之间分配稀缺的适应资金:有效性，而不是效率

Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.17875/gup2019-1212

Christian Baatz, Michel Bourban

{"title":"Distributing scarce adaptation finance across SIDS: effectiveness, not efficiency","authors":"Christian Baatz, Michel Bourban","doi":"10.17875/gup2019-1212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17875/gup2019-1212","url":null,"abstract":"Although Small Island Developing States (SIDS) receive high amounts of adaptation finance on a per capita basis, current and expected funding is much lower than present and future adaptation costs. Since funding is insufficient to cover all needs, adaptation finance ought to benefit those who are most entitled to the funding. These entitlements can be determined via prioritisation criteria. Vulnerability is the most prominent prioritisation criterion but must be supplemented with further criteria because of its shortcomings. In this contribution we thus investigate whether cost-effectiveness and democracy should play this role. To this end, we first discuss Stadelmann and colleagues’ proposal to operationalise the costeffectiveness criterion via three indicators (absolute economic savings, relative economic savings, and avoided loss of Disability Adjusted Life Years). We argue that this set of indicators fails to capture important adaptation benefits and may reinforce the current bias towards hard adaptation measures. We further claim that one should ‘just’ focus on safeguarding effective, that is successful, adaptation instead. To that effect, we propose ‘democracy’ as an alternative to costeffectiveness. We first justify the criterion by providing intrinsic and instrumental reasons in its defence and, second, discuss how to operationalise it, using the example of SIDS. We conclude that although also challenging, democracy is less difficult to operationalise than cost-effectiveness.","PeriodicalId":244959,"journal":{"name":"Dealing with climate change on small islands: Towards effective and sustainable adaptation","volume":"241 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115204588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1